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Low Prevalence of Germline CDKN2A and CDK4 Mutations in Patients With Early-Onset Melanoma
Hensin Tsao, MD, PhD;
Xue Zhang, MD, PhD;
Kimberly Kwitkiwski;
Dianne M. Finkelstein, PhD;
Arthur J. Sober, MD;
Frank G. Haluska, MD, PhD
Arch Dermatol. 2000;136:1118-1122.
Background In patients with cutaneous melanoma, early age at disease onset is characteristic in familial cases and in individuals with multiple primary melanomas. Both subsets of patients with melanoma are at risk for harboring germline CDKN2A or CDK4 mutations.
Objective We set out to prospectively determine the prevalence of CDKN2A and CDK4 mutations in a group of young patients with melanoma.
Design We prospectively screened 913 patients over a 6-month period and identified 519 patients with invasive melanomas. We invited 172 patients with melanoma who were younger than 40 years to participate in the study, and 49 patients consented and donated peripheral blood samples. Forty-nine percent (n = 24) of our patients developed cutaneous melanoma before the age of 30 years.
Setting A melanoma clinic in the Boston, Mass, area.
Main Outcome Measure We used a combination of single-strand conformation analysis and direct sequencing of samples of peripheral blood leukocyte DNA to search for mutations in exons 1 , 1 , 2, and 3 of CDKN2A and in exon 2 of CDK4.
Results The mean and median ages at diagnosis in our group were 30 and 32 years, respectively. Among a group of 49 patients, we detected 1 (2%; 95% confidence interval, 0.07%-10.8%) Met 53 Ile CDKN2A mutation, which was found in a patient with a strong family history of melanoma. This alteration has been previously shown to impair p16 function. One patient had an Ala 148 Thr change in CDKN2A, which has also been shown to be a polymorphism. We also detected a sequence polymorphism (in the 3' untranslated region [3'UTR] of CDKN2A) in 27% of our patients. A similar incidence of this 3'UTR polymorphism was observed in a control population. We found no CDK4 mutations.
Conclusions Germline CDKN2A and CDK4 mutations are not common in patients who develop melanoma at an early age. This finding contrasts with other cancer-predisposition syndromes, in which there is an increased incidence of germline mutations among young patients. Selection of patients with melanoma for genetic testing based solely on age at onset may not be warranted at the current time.
From the Department of Dermatology (Drs Tsao and Sober), the Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine (Drs Tsao, Zhang, and Haluska), the Department of Biostatistics (Dr Finkelstein), and Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center (Ms Kwitkiwski), Massachusetts General Hospital, Dana Farber/Partners CancerCare, and Harvard Medical School, Boston; and the Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, China Medical University, Shenyang (Dr Zhang).
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