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Measures of Sun Exposure and Sun Protection Practices for Behavioral and Epidemiologic Research
Karen Glanz, PhD, MPH;
Amy L. Yaroch, PhD;
Monica Dancel, MPH;
Mona Saraiya, MD, MPH;
Lori A. Crane, PhD;
David B. Buller, PhD;
Sharon Manne, PhD;
David L. O’Riordan, PhD;
Carolyn J. Heckman, PhD;
Jennifer Hay, PhD;
June K. Robinson, MD
Arch Dermatol. 2008;144(2):217-222.
Objective To develop, in a collaborative project, core measures of sun exposure and sun protection habits, since the lack of standard outcome measures hampers comparison of population surveys and interventions used in skin cancer prevention research.
Design A work group of investigators evaluated available questionnaire measures of sun exposure and protection. Their deliberations led to a proposed set of core questionnaire items for adults, adolescents aged 11 to 17 years, and children 10 years or younger. These core items were used in cognitive testing by the investigators. Cross-site summaries of methods, response samples, and descriptive data were prepared.
Setting Nine locations across the United States.
Participants The study population comprised 81 individuals.
Results No unusual response patterns were detected in any of the respondent groups or for any specific question. Some revisions to the survey items resulted from the need for clarification or emphasis of frames of reference such as adding or underlining key phrases in a question.
Conclusions The combination of expert review followed by cognitive interviewing yielded standardized core survey items with good clarity and applicability for measuring sun exposure and sun protection behaviors across a broad range of populations. They are appropriate for studies tracking morbidity and/or mortality and evaluating prevention program effects.
Author Affiliations: Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Glanz and Ms Dancel); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (Dr Yaroch); Centers for Disease Control, and Prevention, Atlanta (Dr Saraiya); University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Denver (Dr Crane); Klein Buendel Inc, Golden, Colorado (Dr Buller); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Drs Manne and Heckman); University of Queensland, Herston, Australia (Dr O’Riordan); Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (Dr Hay); and Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (Dr Robinson).
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