 |
|
Differences in Epstein-Barr Virus Expression Between Primary and Secondary Cutaneous Angiocentric Lymphomas
Janine Wechsler, MD;
Rein Willemze, MD;
Adrian van der Brule, MD;
Elisabeth Thomine, MD;
Pascal Joly, MD;
Olivier Verola, MD;
Yvette Fonck, MD;
Pierre Souteyrand, MD;
Marie-Hélène Delfau, MD;
Martine Bagot, MD;
Philippe Gaulard, MD;
for the French Study Group of Cutaneous Lymphomas
Arch Dermatol. 1998;134:479-484.
ABSTRACT
| |
Background Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been demonstrated in angiocentric immunoproliferative lesions, suggesting that it could be a causative factor. We investigated for the presence of EBV in 12 primary and 2 secondary cutaneous angiocentric lymphomas (CALs).
Observations In the 2 secondary CALs, strong reactivity for EBV RNAs and latent membrane protein 1 were detected on paraffin-embedded sections. In contrast, 10 of 12 primary CALs were completely negative for EBV RNAs and latent membrane protein 1. In 2 primary CALs, EBV RNAs and latent membrane protein 1 were detected in few tumor cells. In the group of primary CALs, 8 of 12 were still alive at last follow-up, 3 died of systemic lymphoma, and 1 died of another cause, whereas both patients with secondary CALs died of disease within 1 year.
Conclusion Differences in the presence of EBV and clinical behavior between primary and secondary CALs suggest that different mechanisms are operative in the pathogenesis of these conditions, and indicate that the 2 groups should be considered separately.
INTRODUCTION
CUTANEOUS angiocentric lymphomas (CALs) exhibit a distinctive histological pattern that shows similarities to nasal lymphomas and lymphomatoid granulomatosis.1-8 In these conditions, the presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genomes has been demonstrated, suggesting that EBV might play a major role in their cause.9-13 Only a few studies have investigated the presence of EBV in angiocentric lymphomas involving the skin.14-16 This prompted us to study skin biopsy specimens from 14 patients with CAL, including 12 primary and 2 secondary CALs, for the presence of EBV-encoded latent membrane protein (LMP-1) by means of immunohistochemistry, EBV RNAs by means of in situ hybridization, and EBV DNA by means of polymerase chain reaction from paraffin blocks. For comparison, the same studies were performed in 6 patients with primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with no angiocentricity.
PATIENTS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS
PATIENTS
The main clinical and follow-up data are summarized in Table 1.
|
|
|
|
Table 1. Clinical Findings in 14 Patients With CAL*
|
|
|
Fourteen patients with a diagnosis of CAL registered in 5 centers (Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Créteil, France; Hôpital Charles-Nicolle, Rouen, France; Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; and Centre Hospitals-Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France; and Free University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands) between January 1, 1989, and December 31, 1993, were selected for this study. All patients had a distinctive histological appearance characterized by a pleomorphic lymphoproliferation that exhibited a T-cell phenotype. To be included in this study, a patient was required to have a prominent invasion of small to large vessels by lymphoma cells with destruction of vessel walls, thromboses, and extensive tumoral necrosis. Other types of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma showing angiocentricity of minor importance were excluded. The group contained 10 women and 4 men. The median age at diagnosis was 61 years (range, 23-91 years).
All patients were white, and no patient was immunocompromised. Eleven of 14 patients had only skin lesions at the time of initial examination and no evidence of extracutaneous involvement within 6 months after diagnosis, and were therefore considered to have primary CAL. Patient 2 had generalized skin lesions with a nodule on the tongue. In these 12 patients, extensive staging procedures including physical examination, thoracoabdominal computed tomography, and bone marrow biopsy had failed to demonstrate systemic disease. Skin lesions (nodules, plaques, or tumors) were solitary in 2 patients (Figure 1), regional in 5, and generalized in 5. Interestingly, in 5 of 12 patients, partial or even complete spontaneous resolution of skin lesions had been noted. In particular, the lesion of the tongue (patient 2), which measured 2 cm in diameter, completely regressed without any treatment, as did the skin lesions. The patient was free of lesions 60 months after the onset of the disease. Follow-up data indicated that in primary CAL, only 3 patients developed extracutaneous disease after 10, 11, and 58 months of follow-up after the diagnosis. All 3 died of systemic lymphoma. Eight patients were still alive with (n=3) or without (n=5) ongoing disease at last follow-up. Patient 3 died of unrelated disease.
|
|
|
|
Figure 1. Patient 11. Primary cutaneous angiocentric lymphoma: ulcerated tumor of the buttock.
|
|
|
Six patients with primary cutaneous lymphomas other than CAL, including 2 patients with classic mycosis fungoides and 4 patients with a pleomorphic medium-sized/large cell lymphoma without angiotropism, were selected as controls.
METHODS
Punch skin biopsies were performed in all patients. In addition to 14 skin biopsy specimens, tissue fragments from the nasal cavity (patient 13), tongue (patient 2), and postmortem viscera (patient 14) were also avalaible for study. Fresh tissue samples were obtained from the skin in 12 of 14 patients with CAL and in all 6 controls. Fresh tissue samples from the nasal cavity (patient 13) and from the tongue (patient 2) were available as well.
In all patients, material was paraffin embedded after fixation in Bouin liquid or formalin and processed for routine hematoxylin-eosin sections. Lymphomas were classified according to the criteria of the updated Kiel classification.
Immunophenotyping was performed by means of an indirect immunoalkaline phosphatase APAAP (alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatasic) method.17 Rabbit anti–mouse immunoglobulins and APAAP complexes were obtained (Dako SA, Glostrup, Denmark). In the 18 patients with available frozen material, cryostat sections were evaluated for the presence of B-cell antigens (CD 19/B4, immunoglobulin light chains from Coulter, Hialeah, Fla) and T-cell antigens (CD2/Leu 5 CD3/Leu4, CD5/Leu1, CD4/Leu2, and CD8/Leu2 from Becton Dickinson, Mountain View, Calif). In addition, patients 9 and 13 were tested for the presence of NKH1/CD56/Leu 19 (Coulter), T-cell receptor (TCR)– chain/ F1 and TCR chain/TCR1 (T-cell Sciences, Cambridge, Mass). In the remaining 2 patients, fixed, paraffin-embedded sections were assessed with anti-B antigen L26/CD20, anti-T antigens UCHL1/CD45RO, and CD3 (Dako SA) by means of the same APAAP method. Furthermore, all patients were also tested on paraffin-embedded tissues for the presence of CD30 antigen and LMP by means of BerH2 and anti–LMP-1 monoclonal antibodies, respectively (Dako SA). As positive controls for LMP expression, the Raji cell line and 1 case of infectious mononucleosis were used.
For in situ hybridization, 2 fluorescein-conjugated EBV (EBER 1 and 2) oligonucleotide probes (Dako SA) were used on deparaffinized sections as previously described.18 Briefly, deparaffinized sections were rehydrated and pretreated with proteinase K, then dehydrated, air dried, and hybridized with the fluorescein-conjugated EBER oligonucleotides. Color solution was prepared with bromochloroindolyphosphate and nitroblue tetrazolium (Dako SA). After washing, the slides were briefly counterstained with 1% methyl green and mounted. As a positive control, Raji cell line was used. As negative controls, the hybridizing mixture was used (1) without EBV oligonucleotide probes and (2) with EBER probes after RNAse treatment. All controls for each case were run in parallel in every experiment. In all EBV-negative specimens, slides were also tested for RNA viability by means of poly d(T) probe.19
DNA extraction from paraffin-embedded tissue sections was performed as previously described.20 To see whether suitable DNA was present, -globulin polymerase chain reaction was performed with the use of specific primers. In 4 of 12 patients with CAL and 3 of 6 other cutaneous T-cell lymphomas studied by polymerase chain reaction, no -globulin–specific band appeared after DNA amplification, suggesting that the DNA became unsuitable for the polymerase chain reaction during routine processing. All these specimens were fixed in Bouin liquid.
In 5 of 14 patients with CAL, frozen specimens were used to detect TCR rearrangement by the polymerase chain reaction method as previously described.21
RESULTS
HISTOLOGICAL, IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL, AND GENOTYPIC FINDINGS
Main findings are summarized in Table 2.
|
|
|
|
Table 2. Phenotype and EBV Status in 14 Patients With CAL*
|
|
|
All the cases were classified as pleomorphic medium and large cell lymphomas according to the updated Kiel classification. In most patients (13 of 14), the neoplastic cells involved dermis and subcutaneous tissue, sparing the overlying epidermis (Figure 2). Histological examination of cutaneous lesions showed infiltration with destruction of vessel walls by the pleomorphic cell population (Figure 3). In patient 2, in which lesions were limited to the deep dermis, only small vessels (capillaries and venules) were infiltrated. In all the other patients, small and medium vessels (capillaries, veins, and arteries) were involved as well. Thromboses were constantly found and, consequently, extensive necrosis was observed in the subcutaneous fat. In the spectrum of the angiocentric immunoproliferative lesions according to Lipford et al,3 all patients belonged to the angiocentric lymphoma group. Histological examination of specimens from tongue (patient 2) and from lung obtained at autopsy (patient 14) showed a pleomorphic lymphoproliferation similar to that in skin. Except patient 13 (Table 2), all patients were CD56 negative; the atypical cells clearly had a T-cell phenotype, and the infiltrates did not contain B cells. A detectable monoclonal TCR gene rearrangement was evident in all 5 investigated patients (patients 1, 11, 12, 13, and 14). CD30 antigen was expressed by more than 70% of the tumor cells in patients 2, 11, 13, and 14, and by less than 10% in patients 6, 7, and 12. In the other 7 patients, the tumor cells were completely negative for CD30 antigen.
|
|
|
|
Figure 2. Patient 11. Skin biopsy specimen showing a panoramic view of the cellular proliferation involving dermis and subcutaneous fat. Note the angiocentric nodule in the middle of the figure (arrow) (hemalum-eosin-saffron, original magnification x25).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 3. Patient 2. Skin biopsy specimen showing detail of the pleomorphic proliferation composed of medium to large atypical lymphocytes infiltrating a blood vessel wall in the subcutaneous fat (hemalum-eosin-saffron, original magnification x200).
|
|
|
RESULTS OF EBV STUDIES
The results of EBV studies are summarized in Table 2. Altogether, evidence of EBV by in situ hybridization and immunochemistry was found in 4 of 14 CALs (patients 11 through 14). In the 2 secondary CALs (patients 13 and 14), approximately 70% of the tumor cells showed a strong nuclear reactivity for EBV RNAs (Figure 4). The LMP-1 protein was found in numerous tumor cells (Figure 5). Similar positivity was observed in the primary nasal lymphoma of patient 13. In contrast, 10 of 12 primary CALs were completely negative for EBERs and LMP-1. In the other 2 primary CALs (patients 11 and 12), EBERs were detected in about 10% of the neoplastic cells (Figure 6), whereas only a few scattered tumor cells stained for LMP-1 protein (Figure 7). None of the 6 cutaneous T-cell lymphomas other than CAL showed EBV RNAs or protein reactivity. Poly d(T) in situ hybridization controls were all positive.
|
|
|
|
Figure 4. Patient 13. Secondary cutaneous angiocentric lymphoma: in situ hybridization for Epstein-Barr virus. Numerous Epstein-Barr virus–positive cells were detected (original magnification x100).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 5. Patient 13. Secondary cutaneous angiocentric lymphoma: immunostaining with anti–latent membrane protein 1 showing numerous positive cells (arrow) (alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatasic [APAAP] technique) (original magnification x200).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 6. Patient 11. Primary cutaneous angiocentric lymphoma: in situ hybridization for Epstein-Barr virus. A few Epstein-Barr virus–positive cells are scattered in the tumor (original magnification x200).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 7. Patient 11. Primary cutaneous angiocentric lymphoma: immunostaining with anti–latent membrane protein 1 showing rare positive cells (alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatasic [APAAP] technique) (original magnification x200).
|
|
|
Polymerase chain reaction showed EBV DNA in only 2 of 8 evaluable patients with CAL, including patient 14, which was also strongly positive by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. In the 3 evaluable cutaneous T-cell lymphomas other than CAL, no EBV DNA could be detected.
COMMENT
Angiocentric lymphoma has been described as the malignant form of a spectrum of T-cell disease termed angiocentric immunoproliferative lesions as defined by Lipford et al.3 This spectrum includes lymphogranulomatosis first described by Liebow et al,1 midline malignant granuloma, and angiocentric T-cell lymphoma. These lymphomas may have a CD4, CD8+, or CD56+ phenotype, and thus represent a heterogeneous group. A relationship between these lymphoproliferations and EBV is now well documented, as EBV DNA or RNA has been identified in most cases of angiocentric immunoproliferative lesions involving lung or nasopharynx, even in nonimmunocompromised patients.9-13 Skin can be the only site or one of the prominent sites of initial involvement.7-8
In the present study, the presence of EBV was investigated in a series of CALs, including 12 primary and 2 secondary CALs. In both secondary CALs, EBV was strongly detected by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. In the group of primary CALs, EBV RNAs and LMP-1 were detected in only 2 of 12 patients. Moreover, the pattern was different: only 10% of the tumor cells were positive, suggesting that few cells contained EBV. The negativity for EBV RNAs in most of the primary CALs (10 of 12) does not appear to result from an inefficient technique, because the EBER RNA probe was tested on positive EBV-infected cells and the viability of RNA was controlled by using poly d(T) probe. A cutoff point of 6 months is arbitrary to divide between primary and secondary, in particular when patients develop extracutaneous disease shortly after this deadline. Two of these negative primary CALs (patients 1 and 8) developed lung involvement (patient 1) and soft-tissue mass (patient 8) 11 months and 10 months, respectively, after diagnosis . Although it cannot be excluded that these patients had already occult extracutaneous lesions not yet detectable by routine staging procedures at time of diagnosis, it is of interest that EBERs and LMP could not be detected in the skin lesions. In those patients, extracutaneous lesions were not studied by biopsy or autopsy.
In other respects, the present study supports the correlation between the presence of EBV and CD30 expression previously reported by Kanavaros et al.12 CD30 antigen was expressed by neoplastic cells in 4 of 4 EBV-positive CALs. In contrast, CD30 expression was noted in only 3 of 10 EBV-negative CALs. This is not unexpected, since CD30 antigen is a marker that can be induced in normal B and T lymphocytes in vitro by exposure to EBV.12
The observation that EBV is not expressed in primary CAL has already been found by Angel et al.16 Studying 7 cases of primary cutanous lymphogranulomatosis, these authors failed to demonstrate the presence of EBER RNA except in 1 case in which EBV staining was homogeneous and diffuse. Furthermore, the same group recently studied a series of 28 primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas.22 They did not detect EBER in any of them. Park and Ko,23 in a retrospective study of 12 cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (6 primary and 6 secondary), concluded that secondary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas had a higher correlation with EBV than did primary ones. In 1992, Tsai et al14 demonstrated the presence of EBV by DNA hybridization in 2 cases of CAL associated with a nasal T-cell lymphoma. Later, they investigated a series of 10 EBV-associated cutaneous lymphomas: 6 were miscellaneous nonangiocentric lymphomas and 4 cases belonged to the angiocentric group (grade III AIL); 3 of 4 had systemic disease, with rapid nasal cavity involvement in 2 of them; the last of these 4 patients was unavailable for follow-up. This report suggests that EBV expression in the angiocentric group is correlated with respiratory tract involvement. Kobashi et al24 demonstrated the presence of EBV in 3 of 9 cases of angiocentric lymphoma of a possible natural killer cell occurring in sites other than the upper and lower respiratory tract. Seven patients had cutaneous or subcutaneous lesions during their course. These authors concluded that primary site seems to be correlated with the presence or the absence of EBV. Among the 12 angiocentric immunoproliferative lesions studied by Medeiros et al,11 EBV detection was positive in 8 of 10 cases involving the respiratory tract (lung or nasopharynx) and negative in 2 of 2 cases localized in skin or subcutis. The authors concluded that EBV positivity was directly correlated with increasing grade of angioimmunoproliferative lesions (grades I-III), but their results could also suggest that EBV positivity may be site related. Myers et al25 suggested that only lymphogranulomatosis of B-cell origin could be related to EBV infection. This is not confirmed by the present study, in which all the lymphomas had a T-cell phenotype, specially those with a strong EBV expression. Taken together, most reports in the literature and the present study demonstrate that EBV status seems to be related to the site of the primary lesion and the prognosis. Primary CALs are apparently not or rarely associated with EBV. The 2 primary cases with EBV showed only a few positive cells, contrasting with diffuse and homogeneous EBV positivity in the secondary cases. The 2 former patients did not develop any extracutaneous lesions, whereas the patient with secondary CAL died of systemic disease. This issue suggests that only large numbers of EBV-infected cells may have prognostic relevance.
Another finding to be pointed out is that only 1 of the 2 strongly EBV-positive cases in this study expressed CD56 antigen. Thus, it can be stipulated that EBV positivity does not appear to be exclusively related to natural killer origin.
In conclusion, the finding of strong EBER-RNAs and LMP-1 expression in a patient with apparent skin-limited lesions suggests that there is a serious probability of systemic disease. Thus, such a finding should be an important indicator of poor prognosis. Indeed, the results of the present study also indicate differences in the clinical behavior between primary and secondary CALs. Previous studies8 have suggested that CALs represent an aggressive type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. However, in these studies, no distinction was made between CAL limited to the skin and CAL with previous or concurrent extracutaneous disease. The results of the present study suggest that most patients with a primary CAL have a more favorable prognosis. Furthermore, in 5 of 12 cases, either partial or complete spontaneous remission of skin lesions was observed, suggesting an effective host immune response. Moreover, follow-up data indicate that 9 of 12 patients were still alive after a median follow-up of 63 months. Similar findings were reported by De Berker et al.26 The differences in clinical behavior and association with EBV between primary and secondary CALs suggest that different mechanisms may be operative in the pathogenesis of these conditions, and indicate that the 2 groups should be considered separately.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Accepted for publication September 15, 1997.
The French Study Group of Cutaneous Lymphomas
Marie-Françiose Avril, MD, Jacques Bosq, MD (Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif); B. Khalis, MD, Marie-Paule Cambie, MD, Anne Durlach, MD (Centre Hospitals-Universitaire [CHU] Reims); Anne Colson, MD (Centre Hospitals-Régional [CHR] Mulhouse); Marie-Claire Tortel, MD, Florent Grange, MD (CHR Colmar); Eric Esteve, MD, Frédérick Maître, MD (CHR Orléans); Pierre Souteyrand, MD, Pierre Dechelotte, MD (CHU Clermont-Ferrand); Liliane Laroche, MD (CHU Bobigny); Béatrice Vergier, MD, Michèle Delaunay, MD, Marie Beylot-Barry, MD (CHU Bordeaux); Nathalie Frank, MD, Agnés Carlotti, MD (Hôpital Tarnier, Paris); Sophie Dalac, MD, Tony Petrella, MD (CHU Dijon); Pascal Joly, MD, Elisabeth Thomine, MD (CHU Rouen); Christine Bodemer, MD, Sylvia Fraitag, MD (Hôpital Necker, Paris); Loüc Vaillant, MD, Anne de Muret, MD (CHU Tours); Martine Bagot, MD, Janine Wechsler, MD (CHU Créteil).
Corresponding author: Janine Wechsler, MD, Département de Pathologie, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, 94010 Créteil, France.
From the Departments of Pathology (Drs Wechsler and Gaulard), Immunology (Dr Delfau), and Dermatology (Dr Bagot), Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Créteil, France; Departments of Dermatology (Dr Willemze) and Pathology (Dr van der Brule), Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Departments of Pathology (Dr Thomine) and Dermatology (Dr Joly), Hôpital Charles-Nicolle, Rouen, France; Department of Pathology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France (Dr Verola); and Departments of Pathology (Dr Fonck) and Dermatology (Dr Souteyrand), Centre Hospitals-Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, France.
REFERENCES
| |
1. Liebow AA, Carrington CB, Friedman RJ. Lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Hum Pathol. 1972;3:457-458.
ISI
| PUBMED
2. Kazenstein AA, Carrington CB, Liebow AA. Lymphomatoid granulomatosis: a clinicopathological study of 152 cases. Cancer. 1979;43:360-373.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
3. Lipford EH, Margolick JB, Longo DL, Fauci AS, Jaffe ES. Angiocentric immunoproliferative lesions: a clinico-pathologic spectrum of post-thymic T-cell proliferations. Blood. 1988;72:1674-1681.
FREE FULL TEXT
4. Medeiros LJ, Peiper SC, Elwood L, Yano T, Raffeld M, Jaffe ES. Angiocentric immunoproliferative lesions: a molecular analysis of eight cases. Hum Pathol. 1991;22:1150-1157.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
5. Gaulard P, Henni T, Marolleau JP, et al. Lethal midline granuloma (polymorphic reticulosis) and lymphomatoid granulomatosis: evidence of a monoclonal T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder. Cancer. 1988;62:705-710.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
6. Brodell RT, Miller CW, Eisen AZ. Cutaneous lesions of lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Arch Dermatol. 1986;122:303-306.
FREE FULL TEXT
7. James WD, Odom RB, Kazenstein AA. Cutaneous manifestations of lymphomatoid granulomatosis: report of cases and a review of the literature. Arch Dermatol. 1981;117:196-202.
FREE FULL TEXT
8. Chan JKC, Ng CS, Ngan KC, Hui PK, Lo STH, Lau WH. Angiocentric T-cell lymphoma of the skin: an aggressive lymphoma distinct from mycosis fungoides. Am J Surg Pathol. 1988;12:861-876.
ISI
| PUBMED
9. Kazenstein A-LA, Peiper SC. Detection of Epstein-Barr virus genomes in lymphogranulomatosis: analysis of 29 cases by polymerase chain reaction technique. Mod Pathol. 1990;3:435-441.
ISI
| PUBMED
10. Harabuchi Y, Yamanaka N, Kataura A, et al. Epstein-Barr virus in nasal T-cell lymphomas in patients with lethal midline granuloma. Lancet. 1990;335:128-130.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
11. Medeiros LJ, Jaffe ES, Chen YY, Weiss LM. Localization of Epstein-Barr viral genomes in angiocentric immunoproliferative lesions. Am J Surg Pathol. 1992;16:439-447.
ISI
| PUBMED
12. Kanavaros P, Brière J, Lescs MC, Gaulard P. Epstein-Barr virus in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of the upper respiratory tract: association with sinonasal localization and expression of NK and/or T-cell antigens by tumour cells. J Pathol. 1996;178:297-302.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
13. Sabourin JC, Kanavaros P, Brière J, et al. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genomes and EBV-encoded latent membrane protein (LMP) in pulmonary lymphomas occurring in nonimmunocompromised patients. Am J Surg Pathol. 1993;17:995-1002.
ISI
| PUBMED
14. Tsai TF, Su IJ, Lu YC, et al. Cutaneous angiocentric T-cell lymphoma associated with Epstein-Barr virus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;26:31-38.
ISI
| PUBMED
15. Su IJ, Tsai TF, Cheng AL, Chen CC. Cutaneous manifestations of Epstein-Barr virus-associated T-cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993;29:685-692.
ISI
| PUBMED
16. Angel CA, Slater DN, Royds JA, Nelson SNP, Bleehen SS. Epstein-Barr virus in cutaneous lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Histopathology. 1994;25:545-548.
ISI
| PUBMED
17. Cordell JL, Falini B, Erber WN, et al. Immunoenzymatic labeling of monoclonal antibodies using immune complexes of alkaline phosphatase and monoclonal anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP complexes). J Histochem Cytochem. 1984;32:219-229.
ABSTRACT
18. Chang KL, Chen YY, Shibata D, Weiss LM. Description of an in situ hybridization methodology for detection of Epstein-Barr virus RNA in paraffin-embedded tissues, with a survey of normal and neoplastic tissues. Diagn Mol Pathol. 1992;1:246-255.
PUBMED
19. Weiss LM, Chen YY. Effects of different fixatives on detection of nucleic acids from paraffin-embedded tissues by in situ hybridization using oligonucleotide probes. J Histochem Cytochem. 1991;39:1237-1242.
ABSTRACT
20. De Bruin PC, Jiwa NM, van der Valk P, et al. Detection of Epstein-Barr virus nucleic acid sequences and protein in nodal T-cell lymphomas: relation between latent membrane protein-1 positivity and clinical course. Histopathology. 1993;23:509-518.
ISI
| PUBMED
21. Theodorou I, Delfau MH, Bigorgne C, et al. Cutaneous T-cell infiltrates: analysis of TCR gamma gene rearrangement by PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Blood. 1995;86:305-310.
FREE FULL TEXT
22. Angel CA, Slater DN, Royds JA, Nelson SNP, Bleehen SS. Absence of Epstein-Barr viral encoded RNA (EBER) in primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Pathol. 1996;178:173-175.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
23. Park CK, Ko YH. Detection of EBER nuclear RNA in T-cell lymphomas involving the skin, an in situ hybridization study. Br J Dermatol. 1996;134:488-493.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
24. Kobashi Y, Nakamura S, Sasajima Y, et al. Inconsistent association of Epstein-Barr virus with CD56 (NCAM)-positive angiocentric lymphoma occurring in sites other than the upper and lower respiratory tract. Histopathology. 1996;28:111-120.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
25. Myers JL, Kurtin PJ, Katzenstein AL, et al. Lymphomatoid granulomatosis: evidence of immunophenotypic diversity and relationship to Epstein-Barr virus infection. Am J Surg Pathol. 1995;19:1300-1312.
ISI
| PUBMED
26. De Berker D, Windebank K, Sviland L, Kingma DW, Carter R, Rees JL. Spontaneous regression in angiocentric T-cell lymphoma. Br J Dermatol. 1996;134:554-558.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
 CiteULike  Connotea  Del.icio.us  Digg  Reddit  Technorati
What's this?
THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES
CD56+ hematological neoplasms presenting in the skin: a retrospective analysis of 23 new cases and 130 cases from the literature
Bekkenk et al.
Ann Oncol 2004;15:1097-1108.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Peripheral T-cell lymphomas unspecified presenting in the skin: analysis of prognostic factors in a group of 82 patients
Bekkenk et al.
Blood 2003;102:2213-2219.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Cutaneous Involvement in Patients With Angioimmunoblastic Lymphadenopathy With Dysproteinemia: A Clinical, Immunohistological, and Molecular Analysis
Martel et al.
Arch Dermatol 2000;136:881-886.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
|
