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Anti-Epiligrin Cicatricial Pemphigoid With Antibodies Against the 2 Subunit of Laminin 5

Hossein C. Nousari, MD; Adrienne Rencic, MD, PhD; Roger Hsu, MD; Kim B. Yancey, MD; Grant J. Anhalt, MD

Arch Dermatol. 1999;135:173-176.

ABSTRACT
Background  Cicatricial pemphigoid (CP) is a scarring subepithelial mucocutaneous blistering disease characterized by anti–basement membrane zone autoantibodies. Anti-epiligrin CP is an uncommon variant that has been recently characterized. Severe laryngeal involvement is infrequently observed in all forms of CP and has been documented in only 2 patients with anti-epiligrin CP.

Observations  We report a case of CP exhibiting extensive laryngeal and ocular involvement. Histological, immunofluorescence, and immunoprecipitation studies confirmed the diagnosis of anti-epiligrin CP. Immunoblotting studies demonstrated the presence of antibodies against the 3 and the 2 subunit of laminin 5.

Conclusion  This article expands the diversity of the clinical and immunopathologic features of this newly characterized variant of CP.

INTRODUCTION

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CICATRICIAL pemphigoid (CP) is a chronic autoimmune blistering disease that primarily affects mucous membranes and heals with scar formation.¹ Cicatricial pemphigoid typically involves oral and/or ocular mucosae, but compromise of the upper aerodigestive tract and anogenital mucosae may also occur.² Cutaneous lesions occur in approximately 20% of patients, and lesions favor the head, neck, and upper trunk. Laryngeal involvement is a serious complication observed in fewer than 10% of CP cases.^3-4 Histological and ultrastructural evaluation demonstrate that blistering occurs within the lamina lucida. Immunopathologic studies have demonstrated the presence of in situ anti–basement membrane zone (BMZ) autoantibody antigens. Circulating anti-BMZ antibodies are found in fewer than 40% of patients.^{1, 5-6}

A subset of patients with CP have circulating IgG autoantibodies that bind exclusively to the dermal side of 1-mol/L sodium chloride–split human skin and immunoprecipitate a keratinocyte-derived glycoprotein originally called epiligrin.^7-14 Epiligrin is now known to be identical to laminin 5, a heterotrimeric (332) adhesion molecule that is a component of the anchoring filaments.¹⁵ Laminin 5 is the major integrin ligand for epidermal cells.

Anti-epiligrin CP occurs in fewer than 10% of antigenically characterized cases of CP, and laryngeal involvement has been documented in only 2 of 14 previous cases.^7-14 Virtually all patients with anti-epiligrin CP have pathogenic antibodies that exclusively bind the 3 subunit, and there have been only 2 cases of CP in which the patients' serum samples were found to bind both the 3 and 2 subunits of laminin 5. We report one such case of anti-epiligrin CP in a patient with extensive mucosal involvement that includes severe ocular and laryngeal lesions.

PATIENT AND METHODS

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A 69-year-old white man first noted painful ocular irritation that was refractory to treatment with topical corticosteroids and antibiotics. After several months he developed blistering of the palate, oropharynx, and nasopharynx, accompanied by epistaxis and pruritic blistering of the upper back and chest. Skin biopsy specimens revealed a subepithelial blister with mixed inflammatory infiltrate. The patient was treated with prednisone, 40 mg/d, for 4 months, but his condition worsened, leading to progressive and distressing hoarseness. Results of physical examination revealed vesicobullae distributed over the scalp, upper back, and chest. Conjunctival erythema with bilateral obliteration of the inferior fornices, superior and inferior symblephara and left lateral orbital ankyloblepharon without corneal scarring were evident (Figure 1). Ulcerations and scarring in the oropharynx caused near obliteration of the uvula and tonsillar pillar distortion. Video laryngoscopy showed that the laryngeal stridor was caused by an anterior laryngeal web without airway obstruction. Diffuse ulceration circumferentially throughout the larynx involving the hypopharynx and epiglottis was also noted. Perilesional skin biopsy specimens from the back were taken.

View larger version (101K): [in this window] [in a new window] Figure 1. Ocular involvement in a patient with anti-epiligrin cicatricial pemphigoid includes symblepharon and obliteration of the inferior conjunctival fornix.

The patient was treated with prednisone, 80 mg daily, and cyclophosphamide, 200 mg daily, with notable improvement of the cutaneous and oral lesions within 2 months, and without adverse effects. Ocular lesions also improved, although the symblepharon and the ankyloblepharon were unchanged. Laryngeal lesions showed notable improvement in the following 5 months of therapy. A slow taper of the prednisone is in progress.

HISTOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE STUDIES

Histological examination of skin biopsy specimens from the upper back and direct immunofluorescence of perilesional skin were performed following standard techniques.¹⁶ Indirect immunofluorescence was performed on monkey esophagus and 1-mol/L sodium chloride–split human skin.¹⁷

IMMUNOBLOT AND IMMUNOPRECIPITATION STUDIES

Laminin 5 was isolated from the extracellular matrix of cultured human keratinocytes and studied by immunoblotting with serum samples from our patient and controls as previously described.^9-10 Normal human keratinocytes were radiolabeled with ³⁵S-methionine (New England Nuclear, Boston, Mass). Conditioned media were collected and studied by immunoprecipitation using serum samples from patients and controls as described.¹⁸

RESULTS

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HISTOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE STUDIES

Histological examination of cutaneous biopsy specimens revealed subepidermal blistering with moderate perivascular and interstitial mixed infiltrate in the upper dermis. Direct immunofluorescence demonstrated intense linear ribbonlike IgG deposition along the BMZ. Indirect immunofluorescence demonstrated circulating IgG autoantibodies that bound the dermal side of sodium chloride–split skin at a titer of 320 (Figure 2).

View larger version (139K): [in this window] [in a new window] Figure 2. Indirect immunofluorescence evaluation on human sodium chloride–split skin demonstrating the presence of anti–basement membrane zone antibodies binding the dermal side of the test substrate with a titer of 320.

IMMUNOBLOT STUDIES

Our patient's IgG bound both the 3 and 2 subunits of laminin 5, but the predominant reactivity was directed against the 2 subunit (Figure 3). Reference serum samples came from a patient with anti-epiligrin CP with autoantibodies directed exclusively against the 3 subunit, as well as from healthy controls ( Figure 3).

View larger version (37K): [in this window] [in a new window] Figure 3. A, Serum from a control patient with anti-epiligrin cicatricial pemphigoid immunoblotted the unprocessed (200-kd) 3 subunit of laminin 5 (lane 1). In contrast, our patient's serum immunoblotted the unprocessed 2 (150-kd) and 3 subunits of laminin 5 (lane 2); reactivity against the 3 subunit was weak. Serum from a healthy control did not immunoblot any specific proteins (lane 3). B, Studies of radiolabeled keratinocyte media found that the control patient immunoprecipitated laminin 5 (polypeptides of 165, 150, 140, and 105 kd) and laminin 6 (polypeptides of 190 and 200 kd, lane 1). In contrast, serum from our patient with laminin 2-predominant IgG immunoprecipitated laminin 5 but little laminin 6 (lane 2). Serum from the healthy control did not immunoprecipitate any specific proteins (lane 3).

IMMUNOPRECIPITATION STUDIES

On conditioned media, our patient's serum samples (and that of a control with anti-epiligrin CP) immunoprecipitated a series of disulfide-linked polypeptides corresponding to laminins 5 and 6¹⁹ ( Figure 3). These elements (and their corresponding laminin subunits) consisted of 200-kd polypeptides (the and subunits of laminin 6 as well as some unprocessed subunit of laminin 5), a 190-kd polypeptide (the subunit of laminin 6), a doublet of 165-kd polypeptide (the processed subunit of laminin 5), 150- and 140-kd polypeptides (the unprocessed and subunits of laminin 5, respectively), and a polypeptide of 105 kd (the processed subunit of laminin 5). Because autoantibodies in these patients recognize laminin subunit 3, they bind both laminin 5 (332) and laminin 6 (311).¹⁹ However, because autoantibodies in our patients are predominantly directed against the laminin 2 subunit, very little (if any) laminin 6 was identified in this fluorograph. These findings verify our immunoblot studies and demonstrate that our patient's serum did not contain IgG directed against conformational determinants of laminin subunit 3 (or other proteins in the conditioned media of cultured human keratinocytes).

COMMENTS

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Morbidity due to CP may be severe, dependent on the organs involved. Laryngeal stenosis may require tracheostomy to maintain airway patency, and esophageal stricture may necessitate bougienage to relieve dysphagia. Ocular involvement results in conjunctival foreshortening, symblepharon, ankyloblepharon, and corneal scarring, causing visual impairment or blindness.

The incidence of laryngeal involvement in CP is 8% to 9%.^1-4 Direct laryngoscopy often reveals epiglottic and aryepiglottic erosions and may demonstrate laryngeal stenosis and possibly airway obstruction.⁴ Although many cases of CP will respond to prednisone and/or dapsone treatment, laryngeal, esophageal, or ocular involvement necessitates aggressive therapy with a combination of prednisone and cyclophosphamide to prevent irreversible scarring. A high index of suspicion for critical organ involvement should be maintained, since early intervention can prevent the development of the most severe sequelae.

This patient had typical extensive mucosal, laryngeal, and ocular lesions and immunopathologic findings characteristic of anti-epiligrin CP. Histological and direct immunofluorescence findings confirmed the diagnosis of CP, and indirect findings from immunofluorescence demonstrated autoantibodies binding the dermal side of sodium chloride–split skin. Differential diagnoses of disorders showing dermal staining on indirect immunofluorescence include anti-epiligrin CP,^7-9 epidermolysis bullosa acquisita,²⁰ and anti–105-kd²¹ and anti–200-kd bullous pemphigoidlike disorders²² (Table 1). A definitive step in diagnosis of subepidermal blistering diseases is the identification of the autoantigen by immunoprecipitation and/or immunoblotting, which definitively establishes the diagnosis of anti-epiligrin CP. This patient was interesting because of demonstrated autoantibodies binding the 3 and the 2 subunit of laminin 5. Virtually all patients with anti-epiligrin CP^{9-10,12, 14} have autoantibodies that bind only the 3 subunit of laminin 5 and laminin 6, but our patient's autoantibodies were directed predominantly against the 2 subunit.

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window] Autoimmune Subepithelial Mucocutaneous Blistering Disorders With IgG Autoantibodies That Bind the Dermal Side of Human Sodium Chloride–Split Skin

This observation prompts speculation on the role of individual subunits of laminin 5 in cellular adhesion and the influence of antibodies against these subunits in influencing the course or severity of the disease.^{9-10,12, 14} The role of anti-3 vs anti-2 antibodies in producing distinct patterns of organ involvement should be tested by animal studies, but this is not feasible owing to the species specificity of human autoantibodies. Human anti–laminin 5 antibodies do not recognize epitopes present on murine laminin 5, so passive transfer into neonatal mice fails to induce lesions. Rabbit polyclonal IgG, produced by immunization with laminin 5, can induce subepidermal blisters in neonatal mice¹⁰; however, these rabbit autoantibodies bind all subunits of laminin 5. Passive transfer of IgG from patients with 3 subunit–specific autoantibodies into adult mice with severe combined immunodeficiency disorder and bearing human skin grafts does induce blistering in the transplanted human skin.²³ Unfortunately, this model has limitations and cannot demonstrate preferential involvement of various organs or mucosal surfaces. We are therefore limited to speculation, until a better model for testing is developed.

In our patient a rapid diagnosis of laryngeal bullae by video laryngoscopy and initiation of aggressive therapy with cyclophosphamide and prednisone successfully averted potential airway compromise. Owing to the potentially life-threatening nature of this complication, early recognition and effective treatment is essential. This case further emphasizes that CP is a clinical phenotype comprising several distinct immunological disorders. Accurate classification, assessment for critical organ involvement, and early therapeutic intervention in high-risk subsets is imperative.

AUTHOR INFORMATION

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Accepted for publication June 15, 1998.

Supported in part by clinical practice funds.

Reprints: Grant J. Anhalt, MD, Division of Dermatoimmunology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 720 Rutland Ave, Room 771, Baltimore, MD 21205.

From the Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore (Drs Nousari, Rencic, Hsu, and Anhalt) and the Dermatology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (Dr Yancey), Md.

REFERENCES

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1. Anhalt GJ, Morrison LH. Pemphigoid: bullous, gestational, and cicatricial. Curr Probl Dermatol. 1989;vol 1, n5. 2. Bergston L. Cicatricial pemphigoid of the upper digestive and respiratory tract. Clin Dermatol. 1987;5:36-42. FULL TEXT 3. Ahmed AR, Hombal SM. Cicatrical pemphigoid. Int J Dermatol. 1986;25:90-96. ISI | PUBMED 4. Gaspar ZS, Wojnarowska F. Cicatricial pemphigoid with severe laryngeal involvement necessitating tracheostomy (laryngeal cicatricial pemphigoid). Clin Exp Dermatol. 1996;21;209-210. 5. Chan LS, Yancey KB, Hammerberg C, et al. Immune-mediated subepithelial blistering diseases of mucous membranes. Arch Dermatol. 1993;129:448-455. ABSTRACT 6. Shimizu H, Masunaga T, Ishiko A, et al. Autoantibodies from patients with cicatricial pemphigoid target different sites in epidermal basement membrane. J Invest Dermatol. 1995;104:370-373. FULL TEXT | ISI | PUBMED 7. Domloge-Hultsch N, Gammon WR, Briggaman RA, et al. Epiligrin: the major human keratinocyte integrin ligand is a target in both an acquired autoimmune and an inherited subepidermal blistering skin disease. J Clin Invest. 1992;90:1628-1633. 8. Domloge-Hultsch N, Anhalt GJ, Gammon WR, et al. Anti-epiligrin cicatricial pemphigoid: a subepithelial bullous disorder. Arch Dermatol. 1994;130:1521-1529. ABSTRACT 9. Kirtschig G, Marinkovich MP, Burgeson RE, Yancey KB. Anti–basement membrane antibodies in patients with anti-epiligrin cicatricial pemphigoid bind the subunit of laminin 5. J Invest Dermatol. 1995;105:543-548. FULL TEXT | ISI | PUBMED 10. Lazarova Z, Yee C, Darling T, et al. Passive transfer of anti–laminin 5 antibodies induces subepidermal blisters in neonatal mice. J Clin Invest. 1996;98:1509-1518. ISI | PUBMED 11. Gibson GE, Daoud MS, Pittelkow MR. Anti-epiligrin (laminin 5) cicatricial pemphigoid and lung carcinoma: coincidence or association? Br J Dermatol. 1997;137:780-782. FULL TEXT | ISI | PUBMED 12. Hsu R, Lazarova Z, Yee C, Yancey KB. Noncomplement fixing, IgG4 autoantibodies predominate in patients with anti-epiligrin cicatricial pemphigoid. J Invest Dermatol. 1997;109: 557-561. 13. Allbritton JI, Nousari HC, Anhalt GJ. Anti-epiligrin (laminin 5) cicatricial pemphigoid. Br J Dermatol. 1997;137:992-996. FULL TEXT | ISI | PUBMED 14. Chan LS, Majmudar AA, Tran HH, et al. Laminin-6 and laminin-5 are recognized by autoantibodies in a subset of cicatricial pemphigoid. J Invest Dermatol. 1997;108;848-853. 15. Rouselle P, Lunstrum GP, Keene DR, Burgeson RE. Kalinin: an epithelium-specific basement membrane adhesion molecule that is a component of anchoring filaments. J Cell Biol. 1991;114:567-576. FREE FULL TEXT 16. Collins BA, Colvin RB, Nousari HC, Anhalt GJ. Immunofluorescence methods for diagnosis of renal and skin diseases. In: Rose NR, de Macario EC, Folds JD, Lane HC, Nakamura RM, eds. Manual of Clinical Laboratory Immunology. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology; 1997:422-430. 17. Nousari HC, Anhalt GJ. Skin diseases. In: Rose NR, de Macario EC, Folds JD, Lane HC, Nakamura RM,eds. Manual of Clinical Laboratory Immunology. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology; 1997:997-1004. 18. Stanley JR, Hawley-Nelson P, Yuspa SH, et al. Characterization of bullous pemphigoid antigen: a unique basement membrane protein of stratified squamous epithelia. Cell. 1981;24:897-903. FULL TEXT | ISI | PUBMED 19. Lazarova Z, Hsu R, Yee C, Yancey KB. IgG autoantibodies in patients with anti-epiligrin cicatricial pemphigoid recognize the alpha subunits of laminins 5 and 6 [abstract]. J Invest Dermatol. 1997;108:592. FULL TEXT | ISI 20. Jones DA, Briggaman RA, Gammon WR, et al. Immunodominant autoepitopes of type VII collagen are short paired peptide sequences within the fibronectin type III homology region of the noncollagenous (NC1) domain. J Invest Dermatol. 1995;104:231-235. FULL TEXT | ISI | PUBMED 21. Chan LS, Wang X-S, Lapiere JC, et al. A newly identified 105-kD lower lamina lucida autoantigen is an acidic protein distinct from the 105-kD 2 chain of laminin-5. J Invest Dermatol. 1995;105:75-79. FULL TEXT | ISI | PUBMED 22. Zillikens D, Kawahara Y, Ishiko A, et al. A novel subepidermal blistering disease with autoantibodies to a 200-kDa antigen of the basement membrane. J Invest Dermatol. 1996;106:1333-1338. FULL TEXT | PUBMED 23. Lazarova Z, Hsu R, Yee C, Yancey K. IgG from patients with anti-epiligrin cicatricial pemphigoid induces subepidermal blisters in human skin grafted onto SCID mice [abstract]. J Invest Dermatol. 1997;108:559. ISI

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