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Antiepiligrin Cicatricial Pemphigoid
An Underdiagnosed Entity Within the Spectrum of Scarring Autoimmune Subepidermal Bullous Diseases?
Martin Leverkus, MD;
Enno Schmidt, MD;
Zelmira Lazarova, MD;
Eva-Bettina Bröcker, MD;
Kim B. Yancey, MD;
Detlef Zillikens, MD
Arch Dermatol. 1999;135:1091-1098.
ABSTRACT
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Background Antiepiligrin cicatricial pemphigoid (AECP) is a chronic autoimmune subepidermal blistering disease characterized by autoantibodies to laminin 5 and clinical features of cicatricial pemphigoid. Only a few patients with AECP have been described to date. The aim of the present study was to analyze the relative frequency of AECP among patients with the clinical phenotype of cicatricial pemphigoid.
Observations Serum from 16 consecutive patients with the clinical phenotype of cicatricial pemphigoid were included in this study. Nine patients had circulating IgG autoantibodies by indirect immunofluorescence on sodium chloride–split skin; patients' IgG bound to the epidermal side (n=2), dermal side (n=5), or both sides (n=2) of this test substrate. Interestingly, all 5 cases with dermal binding immunoprecipitated laminin 5 from extracts and media of cultured keratinocytes, and 4 of these serum samples reacted with the  3 subunit of laminin 5 by immunoblotting. None of the patients with dermal binding of IgG demonstrated autoantibodies to type VII collagen.
Conclusion Our data suggest that, among patients with the clinical phenotype of cicatricial pemphigoid, AECP may be more frequent than previously assumed.
INTRODUCTION
CICATRICIAL pemphigoid (CP) is a chronic, subepidermal autoimmune blistering disease of mucous membranes and skin. It may involve oral, ocular, nasal, pharyngeal, laryngeal, esophageal, and anogenital mucous membranes. Skin lesions appear in about 30% of patients with CP.1-4 Cicatricial pemphigoid is a heterogeneous disease with respect to the isotype of the associated autoantibodies in these patients (ie, IgG, IgA, or both), the side of skin split by 1-mol/L sodium chloride (NaCl) that is bound by their circulating autoantibodies, and the specific antigens targeted by their autoimmune response.
To date, the best characterized IgG autoantibodies in patients with CP and skin involvement (ie, patients whose disease is not limited to the eyes) are directed to BP180 (also referred to as type XVII collagen or BPAG2), laminin 5, or type VII collagen.5-6 In 1992, Domloge-Hultsch et al7 described a group of patients with CP who had IgG autoantibodies against a set of disulfide-linked polypeptides referred to as epiligrin. This protein, also designated nicein, kalinin, and BM 600 at that time, is now known to be identical to laminin 5, which is a heterotrimer consisting of 3 3 2 subunits.
The aim of the present study was to analyze the relative frequency of antiepiligrin cicatricial pemphigoid (AECP) among patients with the clinical phenotype of CP in a regional referral center. The patients' skin and/or mucosa were analyzed by direct immunofluorescence (IF) microscopy. In addition, serum samples were studied by indirect IF for the presence of circulating IgG autoantibodies against BP180, the 4 subunit of 64 integrin, laminin 5, or type VII collagen. Of 16 consecutive patients with CP identified, 9 had IgG anti–basement membrane autoantibodies. Interestingly, of these 9 patients, 5 had circulating autoantibodies to laminin 5. We report the clinical features of these patients as well as their response to treatment. Our data suggest that, among patients with the clinical phenotype of CP, AECP represents an important subset.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
PATIENTS
Between June 1, 1989, and May 31, 1998, we analyzed the serum of 16 consecutive patients with the clinical phenotype of CP (all with a frankly scarring phenotype) at the immunofluorescence laboratory of the Department of Dermatology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. Thirteen patients were treated at our department; the serum of 3 patients was sent to us from other institutions. Thirteen patients were women and 3 were men; their mean age was 65.3 years (range, 47-76 years). All patients showed different degrees of scarring involvement of oral (n=15), ocular (n=9), nasal (n=5), pharyngeal (n=6), laryngeal (n=6), esophageal (n=1), or anogenital (n=7) mucous membranes as well as the skin (n=8).
IF MICROSCOPY STUDIES
Perilesional skin or mucosa was studied by direct IF for deposits of IgG, IgA, IgM, and C3. For indirect IF, serum samples of patients and normal volunteers were reacted with 1-mol/L NaCl-split human skin as described previously.8 Slides for IF microscopy were examined independently by 2 investigators (including D.Z.).
IMMUNOPRECIPITATION STUDIES
Subconfluent monolayers of normal human keratinocytes were biosynthetically radiolabeled with methionine labeled with sulfur 35 (1.85 MBq/mL; specific activity, about 40.7 MBq/mmol; New England Nuclear, Boston, Mass) in methionine-free medium for 2 hours (for studies of cell extract) or overnight (for studies of conditioned medium). Samples were collected, processed, and studied by immunoprecipitation (IP) by means of serum from patients and normal controls as described previously.9-10 Immunoprecipitation samples were studied by Tris-glycine polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography.
ANTIGEN EXTRACTION IMMUNOBLOT AND ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY STUDIES
Dermal and epidermal extracts were prepared and analyzed as described.8 BP180 NC16A and fusion protein 4575 representing a C-terminal portion of the BP180 ectodomain11 were expressed as gluthathione S transferase (GST) fusion proteins and affinity purified by means of glutathione agarose.12 Immunoblot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay studies with recombinant BP180 NC16A were performed as described previously.13 Laminin 5 was isolated from the extracellular matrix of cultured human keratinocytes, reduced, and studied by immunoblotting with serum from patients and reference controls.14-15 Alkaline phosphatase–conjugated goat F(ab‘)2 anti–human IgG was used as a secondary antibody (dilution of 1:1000). Immunoblots were developed with an alkaline phosphatase–conjugate substrate kit (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif).
RESULTS
IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE
All 16 patients included in this study had linear deposits of immunoreactants at the basement membrane zone (BMZ) in biopsy specimens from perilesional skin and/or mucosa. In 14 of 16 patients, deposits of IgG were found; in 12 patients, deposits of C3; and in 2 patients, deposits of IgA. Indirect IF microscopy studies of NaCl-split skin identified IgG anti–basement membrane autoantibodies in 9 of these patients; titers ranged from 10 to 320. In contrast, none had circulating IgA anti-BMZ autoantibodies. In 2 cases, an epidermal staining pattern was observed; in another 2, a combined dermoepidermal staining pattern; and in 5 cases, a dermal staining pattern.
IMMUNOPRECIPITATION
In studies of conditioned medium from biosynthetically radiolabeled human keratinocytes, all 5 patients with IgG directed against the dermal side of NaCl-split skin (as well as a reference control patient with AECP) immunoprecipitated a series of disulfide-linked polypeptides that correspond to laminins 5 (332) and 6 (311).16 These proteins (and their corresponding subunits) consist of 200-kd polypeptides (the and subunits of laminin 6 as well as some unprocessed subunit of laminin 5), a 190-kd polypeptide (the subunit of laminin 6), a doublet of 165 kd (the processed subunit of laminin 5), 150- and 140-kd polypeptides (the unprocessed and subunits of laminin 5, respectively), and a polypeptide of 105 kd (the processed subunit of laminin 5). The relative stoichiometry of polypeptides identified by patients 1 to 4 with AECP (Figure 1, lanes 3-6), as well as the reference positive control (lane 2), were approximately the same; the reactivity of autoantibodies from patient 5 with AECP (lane 7) dominated against laminin 5.
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Figure 1. Reactivity of autoantibodies against proteins in biosynthetically radiolabeled human keratinocyte culture media. Serum from our 5 patients with antiepiligrin cicatricial pemphigoid (lanes 3-7) as well as a reference positive control serum with antiepiligrin cicatricial pemphigoid (lane 2) immunoprecipitated a series of polypeptides in keratinocyte media that correspond to laminins 5 and 6, as previously described (see "Patients and Methods" section). The relative stoichiometry of polypeptides identified by patients 1 to 4 (lanes 3-6) as well as the reference positive control (lane 2) was approximately the same; the reactivity of autoantibodies from patient 5 (lane 7) dominated against laminin 5. Serum from a normal volunteer (negative control, lane 1) showed no specific reactivity to these proteins. The markers at the left margin indicate molecular weight (x10-3).
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Figure 2 shows representative results of IP studies of biosynthetically radiolabeled extracts from cultured human keratinocytes. Serum from 1 of 2 patients with IgG directed against the epidermal side of NaCl-split skin immunoprecipitated nonspecific polypeptides of 150 kd and 110 kd from keratinocyte extracts (Figure 2, lane 9). Similarly, serum from 1 of 2 patients with IgG directed against both sides of NaCl-split skin immunoprecipitated a "patient-specific" band of 110-kd protein (Figure 2, lane 14). The IP studies of serum from other patients with anti-BMZ IgG showed no specific reactivity.
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Figure 2. Representative immunoprecipitation studies of biosynthetically radiolabeled extracts from cultured human keratinocytes. While normal human serum (negative control, lanes 2 and 12) showed no reactivity to this preparation, serum from a reference patient with bullous pemphigoid immunoprecipitated BPAG1 (bullous pemphigoid antigen 1) as a distinct 230-kd band (lane 3, marked by arrow). Serum from patients with antiepiligrin cicatricial pemphigoid (patients 1, 2, and 5 and a reference positive control [lanes 5, 7, 8, and 13, respectively]) immunoprecipitated a complex of disulfide-linked, comigrating polypeptides from keratinocyte extracts (delimited by brackets) as described previously.20 Serum from patients with cicatricial pemphigoid with IgG directed against the epidermal side of 1-mol/L sodium chloride–split skin showed no specific reactivity (patient 6, lane 15) or bound only "patient-specific" bands (patient 7, lane 9, faint bands of 150 and 100 kd). Similarly, serum from patients with cicatricial pemphigoid with IgG directed against both sides of 1-mol/L sodium chloride–split skin showed no specific reactivity (patient 9, lane 10) or only "patient-specific" bands (patient 8, lane 14, a band of 110 kd). Serum from a patient with an undefined blistering disease containing IgG directed against the epidermal side of 1-mol/L sodium chloride–split split skin (titer, 40) showed no specific reactivity to this preparation (lane 4). A set of radiolabeled molecular weight markers is shown in lanes 1, 6, and 11 on each Tris-glycine polyacrylamide gel; the numbers in the left margin indicate their molecular weight (x10-3).
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IMMUNOBLOTTING
Immunoblot studies of laminin 5 isolated from the extracellular matrix of cultured human keratinocytes found that IgG from patients 1 to 4 with AECP bound both the 200- and 165-kd unprocessed and processed subunits, respectively, of laminin 3 (Figure 3). These findings accounted for the ability of these serum samples to immunoprecipitate both laminins 5 and 6, since the subunits of these laminin isoforms are immunologically cross-reactive.16-17 Serum from patient 5 with AECP showed no immunoblot reactivity to any purified laminin 5 subunits, a finding that has been previously ascribed to the reactivity of such patients' IgG to conformational determinants of this protein.14, 16 These studies included reference serum samples from patient with AECP who had IgG autoantibodies directed exclusively against laminin 3 as well as a normal volunteer with no evidence of anti–laminin 5 IgG.
By immunoblotting of epidermal extracts, 3 of the 14 patients with epidermal basement membrane deposits of IgG or C3 had autoantibodies to BP230, and 1 patient demonstrated antibodies to BP180. None of the 14 patients had autoantibodies to type VII collagen by immunoblot analysis of dermal extracts. With the use of recombinant forms of BP180, 2 of the 14 serum samples reacted with BP180 NC16A by both immunoblot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and 3 serum samples immunoblotted a GST fusion protein containing a 49–amino acid stretch of the C-terminal region of BP180.11 Representative results of these analyses are shown in Figure 4. Three of the 14 serum samples were negative by indirect IF yet positive for reactivity with epidermal and recombinant proteins.
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Figure 4. Recombinant proteins were fractionated by 15% (A) and dermal extracts by 5% (B) sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The immunoblots in A contained recombinant, affinity-purified glutathione S transferase (GST)–NC16A (lanes 1 and 3) and GST-4575 (lanes 2 and 4). Serum from patient 7 with cicatricial pemphigoid (A, lane 1) reacted with GST-NC16A and serum from patient 8 with cicatricial pemphigoid (lane 2) with the C-terminal portion of BP180 (4575). Serum from patients 1 and 4 with antiepiligrin cicatricial pemphigoid showed no reactivity to these recombinant forms of BP180 (lanes 3 and 4). In contrast to 2 reference control serum samples from patients with epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (B, lanes 1 and 2), serum samples from patients 1 and 4 with antiepiligrin cicatricial pemphigoid (lanes 3 and 4) did not label the 290-kd type VII collagen in dermal extracts. The markers on the left indicate migration positions for molecular weight markers of 45, 31, and 21 kd, whereas the markers on the right indicate migration positions of 200, 116, and 97 kd.
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CLINICAL AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGIC FEATURES AND COURSE OF DISEASE OF THE 5 PATIENTS WITH AECP
Clinical characteristics of the 5 patients with AECP are summarized in Table 1, and examples are shown in Figure 5. Immunopathologic features of these patients are demonstrated inTable 2, and representative examples of direct and indirect IF are depicted in Figure 6 and Figure 7. The response to treatment in the 5 patients with AECP is briefly summarized below.
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Table 1. Clinical Features and Involvement of Mucous Membranes and Skin in Patients With Antiepiligrin Cicatricial Pemphigoid
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Figure 5. Antiepiligrin cicatricial pemphigoid. A, Corneal ulcer and synechiae of the conjunctiva of the right eye (patient 3). B, Hemorrhagic erosions on nasal mucous membranes (patient 3). C, Hemorrhagic blisters of oral mucous membranes (patient 4). D, Erosions on genital mucous membranes (patient 3). E, Erosions on inner aspect of thighs (patient 3).
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Table 2. Immunopathologic Findings in 9 Patients With CP With Circulating IgG Autoantibodies to Epidermal BMZ*
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Figure 6. Direct immunofluorescence microscopy of perilesional skin in a patient with antiepiligrin cicatricial pemphigoid (patient 4). Linear deposits of IgG are present along the basement membrane zone (original magnification x400).
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Figure 7. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy on sodium chloride–split skin of a patient with antiepiligrin cicatricial pemphigoid (patient 5). Circulating IgG binds to the dermal side of the split (original magnification x250).
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Patient 1 underwent intravenous pulse therapy, including dexamethasone (100 mg/d on 3 consecutive days) and cyclophosphamide (500 mg on day 1), for 10 cycles as described previously.18-19 Adenocarcinoma of the colon was detected after the sixth pulse, and the patient underwent hemicolectomy. Subsequently, symptoms improved markedly. Cyclophosphamide was discontinued, and the patient is currently treated with pulses of dexamethasone (100 mg/d on 3 consecutive days) every 10 weeks. Under this regimen, no new blisters have formed during the past 6 months, whereas antibodies to laminin 5 are still detectable by IP. The patient continues to suffer from severe scarring of the larynx.
Patient 2 had stable disease for 2 years with tapering doses of oral methylprednisolone (initially 80 mg/d) and azathioprine (initially 150 mg/d). She underwent surgical treatment for ectropion on 3 occasions, then was unavailable for follow-up.
In patient 3, treatment with dexamethasone and cyclophosphamide pulses was initiated and supplemented with 125 mg of cyclophosphamide orally daily between cycles, therapy that resulted in a good clinical response and stable disease. After 9 cycles of dexamethasone and cyclophosphamide treatment, the patient developed multiple enlarged lymph nodes that were found to signify metastases from a carcinoma of the cervix uteri for which hysterectomy had been performed 6 years earlier. The patient died of metastatic disease 1 year after diagnosis of AECP.
Patient 4 experienced clinical improvement with dexamethasone and cyclophosphamide pulse therapy. The patient died of pneumonia 6 weeks after the initiation of treatment.
Patient 5 showed no substantial improvement after different treatment regimens, including dapsone, colchicine, systemic glucocorticosteroids, high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins, and cyclosporine. The patient died of a perforated duodenal ulcer 2 years after initiation of treatment.
COMMENT
Antiepiligrin cicatricial pemphigoid is a recently defined chronic subepidermal autoimmune vesiculobullous disease that primarily affects mucous membranes.7, 20 It was previously considered to comprise a small subgroup of patients with CP. Direct IF examination of perilesional mucous membrane or skin biopsy specimens from patients with AECP demonstrates linear deposits of IgG and C3 at the BMZ. Indirect IF studies show binding of the IgG autoantibodies to the dermal side of NaCl-split human skin.7, 20 By IP of radiolabeled conditioned keratinocyte medium or by immunoblot analysis of extracellular matrix of cultured human keratinocytes, the autoantibodies were found to recognize laminin 5. Laminin 5 is an anchoring filament–lamina densa associated heterotrimer (332). More recently, it was found that most patients' autoantibodies bind to the 3 subunit of this protein.14, 16 Some patients have antibodies to laminin 3, and some show reactivity to both the 3 and 2 subunits.16, 21-22 The pathogenic relevance of autoantibodies to laminin 5 has been demonstrated in an animal model. When rabbit anti–laminin 5 antibodies were passively transferred into neonatal mice, the animals developed subepidermal bullous disease that duplicated the findings seen in patients with AECP.23
In this study, we characterized the immune response in 16 consecutive patients with clinical and immunopathologic features of CP that were identified at the Department of Dermatology at the University of Würzburg during a period of 9 years. All patients were studied by direct and indirect IF microscopy and for reactivity of serum antibodies with dermal and epidermal extracts, recombinant forms of BP180, and extracts and media of radiolabeled human keratinocytes by immunoblot and/or IP analysis. Nine of the 16 patients had circulating IgG antibodies to components of the BMZ. Five of these 9 patients were found to have antibodies to laminin 5. In none of our patients with CP was reactivity to type VII collagen detected. A total of 6 of our patients with CP showed autoantibodies to BP180; 2 serum samples reacted with NC16A and 3 others with a C-terminal stretch of BP180. One serum sample bound to BP180 extracted from epidermis, whereas 3 serum samples contained antibodies to epidermal BP230. Some serum samples were negative by indirect IF but recognized native or recombinant forms of the BP autoantigens, or both. Three serum samples (patients 7 through 9) bound recombinant forms of BP180 yet showed no specific corresponding IP or immunoblot reactivity to human keratinocyte or epidermal extracts. This finding may have occurred because immunoblotting with recombinant BP180 is more sensitive than IP or immunoblot analysis with BP180 extracted from keratinocytes or epidermis, as was previously shown.13 Patients with predominant involvement of the eyes (n=6) were also analyzed for the presence of circulating autoantibodies against the 4 subunit of 64 integrin,24 but no reactivity was detected (K. Bhol, PhD, A. R. Ahmed, MD [inayatk{at}hotmail.com], e-mail, December 17, 1997). Only limited data are available regarding the incidence of different disease entities within the spectrum of CP. A study by Chan et al25 reported a lower incidence of indirect IF positivity for patients with CP. However, our study selected patients on the basis of the clinical finding of a scarring phenotype, whereas Chan et al selected their patients on the basis of the finding of involvement of mucous membranes (ie, a scarring phenotype was not a requirement for inclusion in their study).
Summary data regarding clinical and immunopathologic features of 14 cases of AECP have been reported to date. The clinical features of these patients have been indistinguishable from those of patients with other forms of CP.20, 26-33 All of our patients with AECP had involvement of the oral mucosa, and in all but 1 patient the oropharynx and larynx were also affected. Interestingly, all of our patients were women. This is in contrast to the previous cases, in which 8 of 13 patients were male. Our observation may be an incidental finding or may represent regional or racial differences within our population of northwestern Bavaria. Two of our 5 patients with AECP suffered from an associated malignant tumor. In 1 patient, metastatic disease from a cervical carcinoma was detected shortly after AECP was diagnosed. In a second patient, disease activity was markedly reduced when an adenocarcinoma of the colon was removed. After surgery, no new blisters occurred, and this patient has currently tapered off treatment. Five other cases of AECP have been reported in association with cancer.27, 29-31,34 Whether these findings indicate a causal relation between AECP and malignant neoplasms or rather represent a coincidence requires further study of a larger group of patients during a longer period. The survival rate of our patients with AECP was not favorable. Two patients with AECP died of complications of immunosuppressive treatment. Another patient died of metastatic carcinoma of the cervix 1 year after the diagnosis of AECP. The characterization of different subgroups among patients with different subtypes of CP may identify individuals at risk for severe disease, certain spectrums of involvement, or specific associations. Moreover, such distinctions may eventually lead to the development of more effective and specific treatment regimens as advances in immunotherapy are forthcoming.
We add 5 new cases of AECP to the literature concerning this recently identified entity. Five of 9 patients with clinical features of CP and detectable levels of circulating IgG anti-BMZ autoantibodies suffered from this disease. Our findings suggest that, among patients with the clinical phenotype of CP, AECP may represent an important subset.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Accepted for publication May 6, 1999.
This study was supported by grant 98.073.1 from the Wilhelm-Sander-Stiftung, Munich, Germany (Dr Zillikens).
Presented in part at the Annual Meeting of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Dermatologische Forschung, Bonn, Germany, February 20, 1999.
We thank Ingrid Moll, MD, Department of Dermatology, University of Hamburg Medical School, Hamburg, Germany, for a serum sample and clinical information on patient 2; Drs Kailash C. Bhol, PhD, and A. Razzaque Ahmed, MD, Center for Blood Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass, for analyzing some of our serum samples for the presence of autoantibodies to 4 integrin, and George J. Guidice, PhD, and Louis A. Diaz, MD, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, for providing us with the clone encoding fusion protein 4575. We also thank Christa Knaus, Department of Dermatology, University of Würzburg Medical School, and Carole Yee, Dermatology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md, for technical assistance.
Reprints: Detlef Zillikens, MD, Department of Dermatology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany (e-mail: zillikens-d.derma{at}mail.uni-wuerzburg.de).
From the Department of Dermatology, University of Würzburg Medical School, Würzburg, Germany (Drs Leverkus, Schmidt, Bröcker, and Zillikens); and Dermatology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (Drs Lazarova and Yancey).
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