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Full-Face Laser Resurfacing Using a Supplemented Topical Anesthesia Protocol
Suzanne L. Kilmer, MD;
Vera Chotzen, MD;
Brian D. Zelickson, MD;
Marla McClaren, MD;
Susan Silva, MD;
Jacqueline Calkin, MD;
David No, MD, PhD
Arch Dermatol. 2003;139:1279-1283.
ABSTRACT
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Background Laser resurfacing has become a popular modality for the treatment of photodamaged skin, rhytids, and acne scarring. In many cases, this procedure is performed under general anesthesia or intravenous sedation in conjunction with nerve blocks and local infiltration.
Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of facial carbon dioxide laser resurfacing using a supplemented topical anesthesia protocol.
Design Nonrandomized case series of patients observed for 1 year.
Setting Outpatient surgery center.
Patients Two hundred consecutive patients undergoing treatment for facial rhytids or acne scarring.
Intervention Full-face carbon dioxide laser resurfacing procedures were performed using a supplemented topical anesthesia protocol. Pretreatment medications included diazepam, oral analgesics, and intramuscular ketorolac tromethamine.
Main Outcome Measures Tolerability of procedure, healing times, and adverse effects.
Results Topical anesthesia provided effective and sufficient anesthesia in most cases. Only 10 of 200 patients required additional anesthesia (regional nerve blocks and/or local infiltration). Substantial improvement of rhytids, photodamage, and acne scarring was observed. Posttreatment hypopigmentation was seen in 1 patient. Scarring was not observed.
Conclusion A supplemented topical anesthesia protocol for full-face laser resurfacing is a safe and effective alternative to traditional anesthesia strategies.
INTRODUCTION
CARBON DIOXIDE laser resurfacing of the face is an effective and well-established treatment of rhytids, photodamaged skin, and acne scarring.1-5 Because this procedure involves removal of the entire epidermis and upper portions of the dermis, carbon dioxide laser resurfacing requires adequate anesthesia to maximize tolerability. Traditionally, general anesthesia or regional nerve blocks (with or without intravenous sedation and regional infiltration) have been used.6-9 Regional anesthesia of the face has also been used for laser resurfacing.10-13 While effective and efficient, regional nerve blocks require needle injections causing many patients unwanted discomfort and anxiety. Furthermore, regional nerve blocks often leave "skip areas" that are deficient in analgesia. Some researchers have advocated the use of tumescent anesthesia as an adjuvant to nerve blocks.6, 14 While effective, tumescent anesthesia often requires multiple needlesticks and may increase the cumulative dose of lidocaine. While this infiltration of dilute lidocaine is unlikely to cause toxic effects, postoperative edema is markedly increased.
With the emergence of laser procedures, a corresponding need for topical anesthesia has arisen. The most common of the various preparations, EMLA (a proprietary acronym for eutectic mixture of local anesthetics; AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Wilmington, Del), has been used successfully for a variety of procedures, including venipuncture, treatment of molluscum contagiosum, shave biopsies, excisional biopsy, split-thickness skin grafts, and debridement of venous leg ulcers.15-20 Laser treatments for vascular lesions have also been performed using topical anesthesia.13, 21-24 Previously, there have been a number of studies using erbium:YAG laser resurfacing with topical anesthesia alone.25-27 The results, however, have been mixed, with 1 study showing that most patients required additional anesthetic infiltration.25-27 While erbium:YAG resurfacing is more superficial, carbon dioxide resurfacing produces deeper thermal injury, presenting a greater challenge for adequate pain control.
We report here the use of EMLA in a supplemented topical anesthesia protocol specific for full-face carbon dioxide laser resurfacing. With a treatment group of 200 patients, we demonstrate that this method of anesthesia is safe and tolerable. Substantial improvement of rhytids, photodamage, and acne scarring was achieved using this protocol. Finally, our results demonstrate an excellent safety profile, with very low rates of hypopigmentation and scarring.
METHODS
After informed consents were obtained, 200 consecutive full-face carbon dioxide laser-resurfacing procedures were performed using topical anesthesia. The demographics of the patient population were as follows: 193 women, 7 men; 181 for dermatoheliosis and rhytids, 19 for acne scarring.
We anesthetized the patients according to the protocol outlined in Table 1. For topical anesthesia, a thick layer of EMLA cream was applied as described. Unless contraindicated, patients were given a combination of 5 mg of hydrocodone bitartrate/500 mg of acetaminophen, 5 to 10 mg of diazepam, and 30 to 60 mg of ketorolac tromethamine.
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Supplemented Topical Anesthesia Protocol
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The UltraPulse 5000C carbon dioxide laser (Lumenis, Santa Clara, Calif) was used for all of the procedures. The treatments were performed at 300 mJ and 60 W. A computer pattern generator was used at the settings of 3 (shape), 9 (size), and 7 (density) feathering laterally to 6 then 5 for the first pass. Anatomic quadrant areas were treated individually. Additional passes with decreased density settings were performed on the same quadrant prior to removing topical anesthetic from other areas in an effort to minimize treatment times and maximize pain control. In most instances, a total of 2 to 3 passes were performed, with the exception of the neck where only a single pass was performed. Patients were monitored closely for pain and comfort. If any patient reported substantial discomfort, additional anesthesia was achieved by regional nerve blocks.
Postoperative wound healing was achieved using an "open" protocol. Patients applied petrolatum without an occlusive dressing and performed dilute vinegar soaks (1 teaspoon per 2 cups of water) every 2 to 3 hours. Patients were given cephalexin or azithromycin (500 mg twice daily or 500 mg daily for 2 weeks), valacyclovir hydrochloride (500 mg twice daily for 2 weeks), and fluconazole (150 mg taken once on the third day after the procedure).
After the procedure, patients were evaluated at 1 week, 1 month, 6 months, and 1 year. Photographs were taken prior to treatment and at each of these evaluation times.
For histologic studies, skin with and without EMLA underwent carbon dioxide laser treatment as noted above. Biopsy specimens were subsequently fixed, sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin-eosin for further evaluation.
RESULTS
ANESTHESIA
Under our supplemented topical anesthesia protocol, 95% of patients (190/200) did not require additional pain control. Patients were continuously monitored for pain. When pain or discomfort occurred during the procedure, patients were immediately offered additional anesthesia. Whenever possible, a low threshold to add adjuvant anesthesia was maintained. Only 5% of patients (10/200) required nerve blocks (infraorbital, mandibular, and/or supratrochlear). Only 1 patient required localized infiltration of 1% lidocaine. While the vast majority of patients noted minimal discomfort during the first pass, additional passes were associated with somewhat more discomfort, especially in perioral areas.
EFFICACY
Patients with rhytids, photodamage, and acne scarring were treated in this study. All treated patients had substantial improvement of their conditions. For patients with photodamage and rhytids, representative treatment results are seen in Figure 1.
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Figure 1. A and C, Photographs representing the skin of 2 of our patients before full-face laser resurfacing using our supplemented topical anesthesia protocol. B and D, Same patients after treatment. Note the improvement of rhytids, photodamage, and dyspigmentation.
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POSTOPERATIVE COURSE
Complete reepithelialization occurred at the following rates: 21% (41) by day 6, 89% (178) by day 7, 96% (191) by day 8, and 100% (200) by day 9. In 7 patients, postoperative infections occurred (6 bacterial and 1 herpes simplex virus), all of which resolved with modifications of antimicrobial treatment. Contact dermatitis was seen in 2 patients.
IMMEDIATE ADVERSE EFFECTS
Immediate adverse effects from using EMLA were not seen. Symptoms and signs of lidocaine toxic effects such as vertigo, metallic taste, tachypnea, tachycardia, and central nervous system depression were not observed. Symptoms and signs of methemoglobinemia, a known complication of EMLA application in children, were not observed. As indicated in the following tabulation, corneal damage from contact with topical anesthesia was not seen:
DELAYED ADVERSE EFFECTS
Transient hyperpigmentation was seen in 18% of patients (31 mild, 4 moderate), resolving in 8 to 10 weeks. Hypopigmentation was seen in 1 patient at 12 months. The hypopigmentation involved an area smaller than 8 cm2 along the mandibular line. Scarring was not observed.
HISTOLOGIC STUDIES
Biopsy specimens were taken from EMLA-treated skin and skin to which EMLA had not been applied in 3 patients. In all 3 patients, the results were similar. The maximum depths of thermal damage were similar where EMLA was applied and where it was not (Figure 2). While skin without EMLA displayed confluent superficial thermal necrosis, EMLA-treated skin displayed patchy thermal necrosis superficially (Figure 2). Both EMLA-treated skin and skin to which EMLA was not applied demonstrated deeper thermal damage with islands of sparing (Figure 2).
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Figure 2. Histologic photographs of skin treated with carbon dioxide laser. A, In the skin not treated with the topical eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA; AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Wilmington, Del), note the confluence of superficial thermal damage (bright eosinophilic collagen fibers) and scattered thermal damage in the papillar and reticular dermis. B, The EMLA-treated skin demonstrates less confluence of thermal damage superficially and deeper thermal damge in the papillary and reticular dermis.
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COMMENT
In this report, we demonstrate the safety and efficacy of topical anesthesia for full-face carbon dioxide resurfacing. This large group of patients tolerated the procedure with minimal pain, and only 5% of patients required adjuvant anesthesia in the form of nerve blocks or local infiltration. While additional patient comfort was achieved by administering the described preprocedure cocktail, neither intravenous sedation nor intravenous analgesics were necessary.
Carbon dioxide laser resurfacing ablates tissue in a controlled and predictable fashion.28 Studies have shown that the UltraPulse 5000 laser used at 450 mJ and 5 W ablates 20 to 30 µm of tissue after a single pass, with an additional 20 to 70 µm of thermal coagulation necrosis after 1 to 3 passes.29 While sufficient anesthesia likely requires anesthetic depths deeper than the sum of ablated and thermally necrotic tissue (approximately 100 µm), this summative depth is the absolute minimum. This minimum depth is far exceeded by the capable depth of anesthesia produced by EMLA.30 One study showed that anesthesia depths of up to 5 mm could be achieved 2.5 hours after application.30 Hence, the development of optimized protocols can drastically affect the depth of EMLA efficacy and ultimately its potential utility as a solo agent.
In the present study, there were no adverse effects seen with topical EMLA. Previous studies have shown that a 3-hour, 60-g EMLA application (2.5 hours, 60 g used in the present protocol) produced peak blood levels of lidocaine and prilocaine that are 1% and 0.6% of systemic toxic levels, respectively.31 The most important adverse effect of EMLA is methemoglobinemia, which has mostly been seen in infants.32-34 None of our patients exhibited any symptoms or signs of cyanosis. Other unusual adverse effects, including contact dermatitis and eye injury, were not observed.35-37
The vast majority of patients were fully reepithelialized by day 7. Reduction of rhytids, photodamage, and acne scarring was evident and substantial. At this time, it is not known whether the application of EMLA affects the efficacy of carbon dioxide laser resurfacing. Ongoing studies comparing the posttreatment results of hydrated and nonhydrated skin should resolve this issue.
Post–carbon dioxide resurfacing adverse effects were unusually low with topical anesthesia. Only 1 patient (1%) was found to have hypopigmentation at 1 year. Scarring was not observed. One explanation for the excellent safety profile is the hydrating effect of topical EMLA application. Because the target for the carbon dioxide laser is water, this hydration may be protective. Histologic studies were performed to explore this issue. While EMLA-treated skin and skin without EMLA revealed similar depths of thermal damage, EMLA-treated skin displayed nonconfluent superficial thermal damage. This uneven thermal damage with islands of normal tissue may explain the low rate of scarring and hypopigmentation.
In summary, carbon dioxide laser resurfacing can be performed comfortably, effectively, and safely using the supplemented topical anesthesia protocol described here. Preliminary data suggest that the hydrating effects of topical anesthesia may contribute to the low rate or absence of hypopigmentation and scarring.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Corresponding author: Suzanne L. Kilmer, MD, 3835 J St, Sacramento, CA 95816 (e-mail: skilmer{at}skinlasers.com).
Accepted for publication April 30, 2003.
From the Laser & Skin Surgery Center of Northern California, Sacramento. The authors have no relevant financial interest in this article.
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