 |
|
Use of Digital Epiluminescence Microscopy to Help Define the Edge of Lentigo Maligna
June K. Robinson, MD
Arch Dermatol. 2004;140:1095-1100.
ABSTRACT
| |
Objective To compare identification of the border of lentigo maligna (LM) with digital epiluminescence microscopy (DELM) with clinical and Wood light assessment.
Design The borders of lesions identified clinically with the Wood light, with DELM, and after excision by Mohs micrographic surgery were traced onto plastic sheets. The borders defined on the tracings were compared for congruence and mean surface area.
Setting Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center for Skin Cancer, Loyola University Health System, Maywood, Ill.
Patients Twenty-six consecutive patients with LM of the head and neck.
Main Outcome Measures Results of the comparison of the outlines of the borders and the mean surface area identified by the 4 methods.
Results The border determined by clinical examination was smaller than that determined with the Wood lamp or by DELM. Most lesions underwent an additional excision 5 mm beyond the DELM-defined border. The DELM pattern of LM with asymmetric follicular openings and dark brown rhomboidal structures changed at the periphery and became a pigmented thin mesh that was associated with the histopathological features of melanoma in situ. More homogeneous pigmented areas extending from the LM were associated with the pathologic features of melanocytic hyperplasia.
Conclusions Visualization of LM by DELM (dermoscopy) helps to guide resection. Because LM arises in sun-damaged skin with melanocytic hyperplasia, determining the tumor-free margin requires the judgment of an experienced physician.
INTRODUCTION
The currently recommended surgical margin for melanoma in situ is 0.5 cm of clinically normal skin surrounding the lesion; however, studies have shown that lentigo maligna (LM) of the head and neck may require wider margins of resection.1-2 Because LM arises in areas of chronic photodamage, finding clinically normal skin is challenging.
Clinicians use the Wood lamp to help delineate the edge of the pigmented area of LM. The subclinical extension of atypical junctional melanocytic hyperplasia away from the LM makes the boundary of the lesion difficult to identify.3-4 Since dermoscopy increases the diagnostic accuracy of the clinician, it was hypothesized that it might enhance determination of the edge of the process. A technique that improves the surgeon's ability to identify the edge of the lesion would be beneficial because complete surgical excision may be achieved with less need for reexcision.
METHODS
PATIENT SELECTION
From January 10, 2000, to December 21, 2001, 26 consecutive cases of LM of the head and neck, with the diagnosis established by results of a preoperative biopsy with fixed histopathologic analysis, were entered into the study. The clinical border of the LM determined by visual clinical examination was marked with gentian violet. The outlined border was traced on a clear plastic sheet. Five minutes after the gentian violet was removed, the area was visualized with the use of a Wood lamp, and the margin was marked with gentian violet. The area was traced on a second plastic sheet. Finally, after removal of the gentian violet and another waiting period, the area was visualized with digital epiluminescence microscopy (DELM) (MoleMax II; Derma Instruments, Vienna, Austria) and the borders were outlined with gentian violet. The area was traced on a third plastic sheet. All plastic sheets had an orienting mark made at the most superior point on the border of the lesion.
DIGITAL EPILUMINESCENCE MICROSCOPY
The DELM system offers a maximum field of view of 1 cm with 30-fold magnification. When the diameter of the melanocytic skin lesions in this study exceeded the field of view of the electronic camera, the clinical borders were segmented by the clock face and marked on the skin surface with gentian violet. The DELM images were stored without compression in bitmap format. The pixel resolution of each image was 640 x 480 at 24-bit color depth. The 2 criteria specific for LM include asymmetric pigmented follicular openings and dark brown or black rhomboidal structures.5-6
SURGICAL PROCEDURE
The initial biopsy for histopathologic correlation of the DELM findings was made 2 mm beyond the margin defined by DELM. The vertical incision extended into the adipose tissue and below the depth of the hair follicles. The center of the specimen was prepared with fixed tissue examination to ensure that the center of the specimen did not contain invasive melanoma. The circumferential margin was excised in 1-cm segments with a width of 2 mm. These segments conformed to the images stored by DELM. The edges of the specimens were inked and oriented on a map. The specimens from the margins were processed with frozen sections with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. Additional immunohistologic staining with MART-1 (melanoma antigen recognized by T cells) was used when differentiation was not possible.7-8 If the H&E findings for the entire section were positive or negative, then MART-1 staining was not performed. When there were equivocal areas, the MART-1 staining was performed. If there were areas that remained equivocal after H&E and MART-1 staining, then another layer was obtained and the staining was repeated. An excisional strip, which was about 1.0 x 0.3 cm in diameter, was taken from the ipsilateral or the contralateral sun-exposed preauricular cheek and was used for comparison as a negative control specimen.
If a surgical margin was positive, the area was excised with subsequent stages of 3-mm margins and the specimens were similarly processed. At the conclusion of the procedure, the border of the excised area was traced onto a clear plastic sheet.
HISTOPATHOLOGIC CRITERIA
The criteria used for the diagnosis of a positive or negative margin were those established by Weyers et al9 for the diagnosis of melanoma in situ. The presence of melanocytic nests, nonuniform distribution of melanocytes, melanocytes far down the adnexal structures, melanocytes above the dermoepidermal junction, and melanocytic atypia defined melanoma in situ.9 Furthermore, the nests contained at least 3 atypical melanocytes. The nonuniform pigmentation of cells along the basement membrane was interpreted as crowding. Atypical melanocytes are those with mitoses, pleomorphic nuclei, or pleomorphic shape. There was epidermal atrophy and effacement of the rete ridges.10 Melanocytic hyperplasia with isolated atypical melanocytes was a common finding in sun-damaged skin found in the biopsy specimen of the contralateral preauricular cheek skin. The slides from the excised margin were reviewed in the context of the negative control from the sun-damaged skin of the contralateral cheek.
ANALYSIS
Initially, the 4 sheets from a single case were overlaid to observe whether the outlined area of the top sheet was the same, larger, or smaller than that of the bottom sheet. The observer was masked to the identity of the 2 clear plastic sheets. The 4 clear plastic sheets from each case were scanned, and image analysis of the digital photomicrography (NIH Image Analysis, verson 1.62; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md) was used to determine the surface area in square centimeters.
The DELM images of the 26 cases were reviewed for image quality and duplication. In randomly selected cases, the DELM image was compared with the H&E- and MART-1–stained frozen sections of the margins.
RESULTS
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE POPULATION
The mean age of the study population was 62 years (range, 43-74 years). Seventeen subjects were men and 9 were women. The most common lesion location was the cheek (7 patients), followed by the scalp (5), nose (4), forehead/temple (4), ears (3), neck (2), and eyelid (1).
BORDERS OF LM AND MEAN SURFACE AREA
The border determined by results of visual clinical examination was smaller than that determined by use of the Wood lamp or by DELM findings (P = .001) (Table 1). In 5 cases, the border identified by the Wood lamp and DELM findings was the same. The border determined by DELM was significantly greater than the one defined by the Wood lamp (P = .001). Comparison between groups is based on the  2 test; in all cases a 2-sided  level of less than .05 is considered statistically significant.
|
|
|
|
Determining the Border of LM of the Head and Neck*
|
|
|
The 2 greatest diameters of the LM identified by clinical assessment had a mean of 2.4 x 2.2 cm; by the Wood lamp, 2.8 x 2.4 cm; and by DELM, 3.0 x 2.7 cm. The initial excision for pathological correlation of the edge of the process was marked on the skin before incision (3.2 x 2.9 cm). Fifteen lesions required a second stage of surgery with an additional 3-mm margin, and 9 needed 3 stages of surgery. Thus, most of the lesions had approximately 5-mm margins removed beyond the margins determined by DELM. Some inaccuracy occurred in calculating the area excised because the edges of the defect retracted after excision; however, the 2 mean diameters of resection were 3.5 x 3.3 cm. Although this discrepancy should be uniform across all lesions, some regional differences may be found, depending on tissue laxity and position. All measurements were performed in a supine position. The mean (SD) surface area identified by clinical assessment (5.28 [1.9] cm2) was less than that determined with the use of the Wood lamp (6.72 [1.5] cm2), which was significantly less than the area identified by DELM (8.1 [2.1] cm2) (P = .01). There was a significant difference between the area identified by DELM and the resected area (11.6 [2.7] cm2) (P = .01).
DELM AND HISTOLOGIC COMPARISON
Six cases were randomly selected for comparison of the histologic findings with the DELM images. Thirty-five histologic slides prepared with H&E staining from these 6 cases were reviewed. Fourteen of these specimens also underwent immunohistologic staining with MART-1. The DELM pigment pattern of the center of the LM changed at the periphery, becoming a pigmented thin mesh (Figure 1). The central area of LM demonstrating pigmented follicular openings and rhomboidal structures was associated with the pathologic features of melanoma in situ (Figure 2A and Figure 3A). The peripheral areas of the LM showed scattered nests at the dermoepidermal junction with at least 3 atypical melanocytes and crowding of the nonuniform pigment cells along the basement membrane (Figure 2B). When the LM blended into uniform hyperpigmented areas of solar changes at the periphery of the lesion, melanocytic hyperplasia was present (Figure 2B, Figure 3B, Figure 4, and Figure 5C). None of the cases had invasive melanoma in the center of the specimen.
|
|
|
|
Figure 1. A, Clinical appearance of a lentigo maligna (LM) of the right neck. The black arrow indicates the border depicted by means of digital epiluminescence microscopy (DELM). B, The DELM image of the border of LM shows a pigmented thin mesh. Blue star indicates the area depicted in Figure 2B.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 2. A, The lentigo maligna (LM) depicted in Figure 1 at the black arrow shows scattered nests of atypical melanocytes at the dermoepidermal junction, melanocytes above the dermoepidermal junction, and crowding of the pigment cells along the basement membrane (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification x40). B, Scattered nests of atypical melanocytes at the dermoepidermal junction are consistent with melanocytic hyperplasia in the area marked with a blue star in Figure 1B (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification x20).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 3. A, The digital epiluminescence microscopy (DELM) area with brown globules to the left of the arrow in Figure 4B has multiple nests of atypical melanocytes at the dermoepidermal junction, consistent with lentigo maligna. (MART-1 [melanoma antigen recognized by T cells], original magnification x40). B, The area to the right of the arrow in Figure 4B has scattered nests of melanocytes at the dermoepidermal junction and crowding of the nonuniform pigment cells along the basement membrane, consistent with melanocytic hyperplasia (frozen sections, MART-1, original magnification x20).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 4. Digital epiluminescence microscopy (DELM) encompassed a lentigo maligna (LM) of the left cheek, which arises within sun-damaged skin. The LM has a central scar from a previous punch biopsy and shows brown globules and dots within the lesion. Although most of the LM border is readily demarcated by its pigmentary pattern, the superior portion blends into a less distinct area of pigmentation (small arrow on the clinical photograph [A] and large arrow on the DELM image [B]).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 5. A, Three sites on the edge of a lentigo maligna (LM) of the cheek are shown on digital epiluminescence microscopy (DELM) images. B, Sharp definition of the edge. C, The LM border blends into an area of homogeneous pigmentation. D, The lateral island of pigmentation is part of the LM.
|
|
|
COMMENT
Digital epiluminescence microscopy, which is used primarily for diagnosis of pigmented lesions, may help to improve the clinical identification of melanoma in situ. The mean surface area excised for the LM cases in this study was greater than the DELM-determined area. During the past decade, there has been a debate over the use of frozen sections to interpret the resection margins of melanoma. The clinicopathologic correlations reported in this study may help to resolve concerns. Consistency of the frozen sections requires preparation of 2- to 4-µm-thick sections without artifacts or distortion. Thick sections provide multilayered specimens that make cell borders and cytologic characteristics of individual cells indistinct. Immunostaining has become a useful adjunct to H&E preparation in increasing sensitivity and specificity of melanoma on frozen sections.11-13
Sun-exposed areas may have an increased number of melanocytes in the basal layer of the epidermis, and some of these melanocytes may be cytologically atypical.14 The diagnosis of a positive margin is based on increased numbers of atypical melanocytes within the basal layer and melanocytes disposed as single units above the basal layer. Interpretation of the histopathologic material as to whether the increased number of atypical melanocytes indicates the presence of LM or solar-induced melanocytic hyperplasia may be enhanced by comparison with a biopsy specimen from the contralateral area of sun-exposed skin.15 There is variability in interobserver concordance by dermatopathologists with respect to interpretation of the histopathologic specimens prepared with H&E staining of pigmented lesions.15-21
I have used the histopathologic criteria for more than 10 years.7 Support for the clinicopathologic findings at the edges of LM reported herein can be found during the examination of excision margins of melanomas with H&E staining in paraffin-embedded sections. Examination of 10 LM melanomas by Breuninger et al22 found a clearly demonstrable, uninterrupted spread of groups of atypical melanocytes into the periphery at the dermoepidermal junction. In LM melanomas, there was a 54% probability of finding these groups of atypical cells 5 mm beyond the clinical border, and the median safety margin was 8 mm.22 This 5- to 8-mm margin obtained from paraffin-embedded sections is greater than the border identified by DELM and similar to the margin of resection in this study.
An additional consideration is the accuracy of the histopathologic correlation with DELM. In this study, correlation of the histologic findings with DELM interpretation was performed retrospectively; therefore, the DELM findings did not influence the interpretation of the histopathologic findings. Many researchers have examined the histopathologic correlation of the dermoscopic structures.23-31 A variety of orientation methods, including orienting sutures and micropunch, were used. It does not seem that DELM was previously used to mark the excisional units. Combining DELM with the standard tissue-orienting approach of Mohs surgery provided an opportunity to correlate clinical findings with DELM images and histopathologic findings. In this study, the histopathologic identification of melanoma in situ was aided by immunohistochemical staining of sections with MART-1, a marker for melanocytic differentiation.7-8,11-13,32-34 The increased sensitivity of MART-1 helped enhance the interpretation of specimens at the edge of the area defined by DELM.8, 35
In the hands of an experienced physician, dermoscopy has been shown to increase diagnostic accuracy compared with clinical visual inspection.35-41 Given the increased diagnostic accuracy afforded with dermoscopy of pigmented lesions, it is not surprising that DELM enhances the diagnostic accuracy of determining the clinical margin of a lesion. Most criteria for epiluminescence-microscopy diagnosis of pigmented lesions are network-derived features such as a broad or a thickened network, which depend on rete ridge pattern at the dermoepidermal junction. The atrophic epidermis of the sun-exposed face has flattened rete ridges; hence, the pigment pattern at the edge of the LM fades into the atrophic epidermis. The ease of use of dermoscopy makes the technique described in this report readily available to clinicians, who use visual inspection to guide the margin of resection. Although confocal microscopy, an emerging technology, also offers promise in defining tumor margins, it is currently less widely available than dermoscopy.42
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Correspondence: June K. Robinson, MD, Division of Dermatology, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 S First Ave, Room 341, Maywood, IL 60153 (jrobin5{at}lumc.edu).
Accepted for publication November 26, 2003.
Dr Robinson was not involved in the editorial evaluation or editorial decision to accept this work for publication.
From the Division of Dermatology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Ill. Dr Robinson is the Editor, Archives of Dermatology. The author has no relevant financial interest in this article.
REFERENCES
1. NIH Consensus Conference: diagnosis and treatment of early melanoma JAMA. 1992;268:1314-1319.
FREE FULL TEXT
2. Sober AJ, Chuang TY, Duvic M, et al. Guidelines of care for primary cutaneous melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;45:579-586.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
3. Johnson TM, Headington JT, Baker SR, Lowe L. Usefulness of staged excision for lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma: the "square" procedure. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;37:758-764.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
4. Brueuninger H, Schlagenhuff B, Stroebel W, Schaumburg-Lever G, Rassner G. Patterns of local horizontal spread of melanomas: consequences for surgery and histologic investigation. Am J Surg Pathol. 1999;23:1493-1498.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
5. Schiffner R, Schiffner-Rohe J, Vogt T, et al. Improvement of early recognition of lentigo maligna using dermatoscopy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42:25-32.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
6. Pehamberger H, Binder M, Steiner A, Wolff K. In vivo epiluminescence microscopy: improvement of early diagnosis of melanoma J Invest Dermatol. 1993;100:356S-362S.
FULL TEXT
| PUBMED
7. Robinson JK. Margin control for lentigo maligna. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994;31:79-85.
ISI
| PUBMED
8. Robinson JK. Current histologic preparation methods for Mohs micrographic surgery. Dermatol Surg. 2001;27:555-560.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
9. Weyers W, Bonczkowitz M, Weyers I, Bittinger A, Schill WB. Melanoma in situ versus melanocytic hyperplasia in sun-damaged skin. Am J Dermatopathol. 1996;18:560-566.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
10. Green A, Little JH, Weedon D. The diagnosis of Hutchinson's melanotic freckle (lentigo maligna) in Queensland. Pathology. 1983;15:33-35.
ISI
| PUBMED
11. Kelley LC, Starkus L. Immunohistochemical staining of lentigo maligna during Mohs micrographic surgery using MART-1. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46:78-84.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
12. Albertini JG, Elston DM, Libow LF, Smith SB, Farley MF. Mohs micrographic surgery for melanoma: a case series, a comparative study of immunostains, an informative case report, and a unique mapping technique. Dermatol Surg. 2002;28:656-665.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
13. Zalla MJ, Lim KK, Dicaudo DJ, Gagnot MM. Mohs micrographic excision of melanoma using immunostains. Dermatol Surg. 2000;26:771-784.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
14. Cohen LM. The starburst giant cell is useful for distinguishing lentigo maligna from photodamaged skin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;35:962-968.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
15. Florell SR, Boucher KM, Leachman SA, et al. Histopathologic recognition of involved margins of lentigo maligna excised by staged excision. Arch Dermatol. 2003;139:595-604.
FREE FULL TEXT
16. Farmer ER, Gonnin R, Hanna MP. Discordance in the histopathologic diagnosis of melanoma and melanocytic nevi between expert pathologists. Hum Pathol. 1996;27:528-531.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
17. Corona R, Mele A, Amini M, et al. Interobserver variability on the histopathologic diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma and other pigmented skin lesions. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14:1218-1223.
FREE FULL TEXT
18. Duncan LM, Berwick M, Bruijn JA, Byers HR, Mihm MC, Barnhill RL. Histopathologic recognition and grading of dysplastic melanocytic nevi: an interobserver agreement study. J Invest Dermatol. 1993;100:318S-321S.
FULL TEXT
| PUBMED
19. Wechsler J, Bastuji-Garin S, Spatz A, et al. Reliability of the histopathologic diagnosis of malignant melanoma in childhood. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138:625-628.
FREE FULL TEXT
20. Smoller BR, Egbert BM. Dysplastic nevi can be diagnosed and graded reproducibly: a longitudinal study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;27:399-402.
ISI
| PUBMED
21. Weinstock MA, Barnhill RL, Rhodes AR, Brodsky GL, for the Dysplastic Nevus Panel. Reliability of the histopathologic diagnosis of melanocytic dysplasia. Arch Dermatol. 1997;133:953-958.
FREE FULL TEXT
22. Breuninger H, Schlagenhauff B, Stroebel W, Schaumburg-Lever G, Rassner G. Patterns of local horizontal spread of melanoma: consequences for surgery and histopathologic investigation. Am J Surg Pathol. 1999;23:1493-1498.
23. Menzies SW, Crotty KA, Ingvar C, McCarthy WH. An Atlas of Surface Microscopy of Pigmented Skin Lesions. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Co; 1996.
24. Soyer HP, Argenziano G, Chimenti S, et al, , eds. Dermoscopy of Pigmented Skin Lesions. Milan, Italy: EDRA Medical Publishing & New Media; 2001.
25. Kenet RO, Kang S, Kenet BJ, Fitzpatrick TB, Sober AJ, Barnhill RL. Clinical diagnosis of pigmented lesions using digital epiluminescence microscopy: grading protocol and atlas. Arch Dermatol. 1993;129:157-174.
FREE FULL TEXT
26. Massi D, De Giorgi V, Soyer HP. Histopathologic correlations of dermoscopic criteria. Dermatol Clin. 2001;19:259-268.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
27. Soyer HP, Smolle J, Hodl S, Pachernegg H, Kerl H. Surface microscopy: a new approach to the diagnosis of cutaneous pigmented lesions. Am J Dermatopathol. 1989;11:1-10.
ISI
| PUBMED
28. Soyer HP, Kenet RO, Wolf IH, Kenet BJ, Cerroni L. Clinicopathological correlation of pigmented skin lesions using dermoscopy. Eur J Dermatol. 2000;10:22-28.
ISI
| PUBMED
29. Stolz W, ed, Braun-Falco O, ed, Bilek P, ed, Landthaler M, ed, Burgdorf WHC, ed, Cognetta AB, ed. Color Atlas of Dermatoscopy. 2nd ed. Berlin, Germany: Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag; 2002.
30. Yadav S, Vossaert KA, Kopf AW, Silverman M, Grin-Jorgensen C. Histopathologic correlates of structures seen on dermoscopy (epiluminescence microscopy). Am J Dermatopathol. 1993;15:297-305.
ISI
| PUBMED
31. Braun RP, Kaya G, Masouye I, Krischer J, Saurat JH. Histopathologic correlation in dermoscopy: a micropunch technique. Arch Dermatol. 2003;139:349-351.
FREE FULL TEXT
32. Stonecipher MR, Lechin B, Patrick J, White WL. Management of lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma with paraffin-embedded tangential sections. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993;29:589-594.
ISI
| PUBMED
33. Wick MR, Swanson PE, Rocamora A. Recognition of malignant melanoma by monoclonal antibody HMB-45: an immunohistochemical study of 200 paraffin-embedded cutaneous tumors. J Cutan Pathol. 1988;15:201-207.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
34. Griego RD, Zitelli JA. Mohs micrographic surgery using HMB-45 for a recurrent acral melanoma. Dermatol Surg. 1998;24:1003-1006.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
35. Bafounta ML, Beauchet A, Aegerter P, Salag P. Is dermoscopy (epiluminescence microscopy) useful for the diagnosis of melanoma? results of a meta-analysis using techniques adapted to the evaluation of diagnostic tests. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137:1343-1350.
FREE FULL TEXT
36. Binder M, Schwartz M, Winkler A, et al. Epiluminescence microscopy: a useful tool for the diagnosis of pigmented skin lesions for formally trained dermatologists. Arch Dermatol. 1995;131:286-291.
FREE FULL TEXT
37. Binder M, Puespoeck-Schwarz M, Steiner A, et al. Epiluminescence microscopy of small pigmented skin lesions: short-term formal training improves the diagnostic performance of dermatologists. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;36:197-202.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
38. Kittler H, Pehamberger H, Wolff K, Binder M. Diagnostic accuracy of dermoscopy. Lancet Oncol. 2002;3:159-165.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
39. MacKie RM. An aid to the preoperative assessment of pigmented lesions of the skin. Br J Dermatol. 1971;85:232-238.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
40. Pehamberger H, Steiner A, Wolff K. In vivo epiluminescence microscopy of pigmented skin lesions, I: pattern analysis of pigmented skin lesions. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1987;17:571-583.
ISI
| PUBMED
41. Soyer HP, Argenziano G, Talamini R, Chimenti S. Is dermoscopy useful for the diagnosis of melanoma? Arch Dermatol. 2001;137:1361-1363.
FREE FULL TEXT
42. Tannous ZS, Mihm MC, Flotte TJ, Gonzalez S. In vivo examination of lentigo maligna and malignant melanoma in situ, lentigo maligna type by near-infrared reflectance confocal microscopy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46:260-263.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
 CiteULike  Connotea  Del.icio.us  Digg  Reddit  Technorati  Twitter
What's this?
THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES
Usefulness of dermoscopy to monitor clinical efficacy of imiquimod treatment for lentigo maligna.
Micantonio et al.
Arch Dermatol 2006;142:530-531.
FULL TEXT
|
