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A Novel PTPN11 Gene Mutation in a Patient With LEOPARD Syndrome
Aurélie Du-Thanh, MD;
Hélène Cave, PharmD, PhD;
Didier Bessis, MD;
Carine Puso, MD;
Jean-Jacques Guilhou, MD;
Olivier Dereure, MD, PhD
Arch Dermatol. 2007;143(9):1210-1211.
In 1969, Gorlin et al1 described an autosomal dominant syndrome encompassing multiple lentigines, electrocardiographic abnormalities, ocular hypertelorism, pulmonary stenosis, abnormal genitalia, retardation of growth, and sensorineural deafness, currently known as LEOPARD syndrome (LS). Recently, it has been reported that most cases of LS are probably related to heterozygous mutations of PTPN11 (protein-tyrosine phosphatase, nonreceptor type 11), a gene encoding a tyrosine-phosphatase protein named SHP-2, with 2 particular "hot spots" in exons 7 and 12.2-5 Despite overlapping clinical manifestations, LS is distinct from Noonan syndrome, another PTPN11 gene mutation–related disorder but with a different mutation spectrum. Herein we report the first case to our knowledge of typical LS featuring a new PTPN11 gene mutation.
Report of a Case
A 39-year-old woman with a medical history of deafness and a familial background of Down syndrome in a sister was referred for evaluation of pigmentary changes that first appeared during infancy associated with mild facial dysmorphism. Clinical examination disclosed multiple light or dark brown macules of varied sizes scattered throughout her whole body surface including her face, palmoplantar areas, lips, and conjunctiva (Figure 1). There were no lentigines on the other mucous membranes. Facial examination revealed hypertelorism. Electrocardiography showed a first-degree atrioventricular block, whereas heart ultrasound evaluation did not find any valve abnormality. Hearing investigations confirmed sensorineural deafness. There were no urogenital abnormalities, endocrinopathy, or growth retardation. A diagnosis of LS was established based on the presence of 4 criteria.
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Figure 1. Numerous lentiginous elements scattered throughout the trunk.
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After obtaining the patient's consent, we undertook direct sequencing of the PTPN11 coding region and discovered a previously undescribed (to our knowledge) heterozygous missense mutation in exon 13, namely a G1493T transversion leading to an R498L change in amino acid sequence (Figure 2). No genetic analysis of her relatives could be carried out to establish a diagnosis of de novo or inherited mutation.
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Figure 2. Genomic structure of the PTPN11 gene and corresponding functional organization of the PTPN11-encoded SHP-2 phosphatase. Exons are represented as shaded boxes. Also shown are the main LEOPARD syndrome–associated mutations (hot spots Y279C and T468M) and our patient's R498L mutation affecting exon 13. N and C are terminal indicators; PTP indicates protein-tyrosine phosphatase; SH2, Src homology 2.
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Comment
The SHP-2 phosphatase plays several important roles in cellular physiologic function, mainly in cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and adhesion.6-8 This protein contains 2 main domains: a C-terminal protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) domain involved in catalytic activity and 2 N-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2) domains interacting with the PTP domain, keeping it folded and inactive (Figure 2).3 To our knowledge, only 7 PTPN11 mutations have been reported in patients with LS, all of them in the PTP domain in exons 7 (Y279C and Y279S), 12 (T468M and A461T), and 13 (Q506P, Q510E, and Q510G).2, 4, 9-11 Two of them (Y279C and T468M) represent more than 90% of the identified changes. The mutational site in our patient is close to the PTP-SH2 domains interacting tract and to the previously reported mutations affecting exon 13. Accordingly, this change is probably relevant as to LS pathomechanisms. PTPN11 mutations in Noonan syndrome are likely to result in a gain of function with "permanent" catalytic activity of the protein, whereas recent results unexpectedly suggest that LS-related PTPN11 mutations result in a decrease in the phosphatase function of SHP-2.12-14 Understanding why topographically closely related mutations on the same gene may have opposite functional consequences but still result in close phenotypes will be a rewarding challenge.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Correspondence: Dr Dereure, Department of Dermatology, University of Montpellier I, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, 80 Ave A. Fliche, 34295 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France (o-dereure{at}chu-montpellier.fr).
Financial Disclosure: None reported.
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