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Anogenital Dermatitis in Patients Referred for Patch TestingRetrospective Analysis of Cross-sectional Data From the North American Contact Dermatitis Group, 1994-2004
Erin M. Warshaw, MD, MS;
Laura M. Furda, BA;
Howard I. Maibach, MD;
Robert L. Rietschel, MD;
Joseph F. Fowler Jr, MD;
Donald V. Belsito, MD;
Kathryn A. Zug, MD;
Vincent A. DeLeo, MD;
James G. Marks Jr, MD;
C. G. Toby Mathias, MD;
Melanie D. Pratt, MD;
Denis Sasseville, MD;
Frances J. Storrs, MD;
James S. Taylor, MD
Arch Dermatol. 2008;144(6):749-755.
ABSTRACT
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Objectives To characterize patients with anogenital dermatitis referred for patch testing by the North American Contact Dermatitis Group, to identify common allergens, and to explore sex associations.
Design Retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of the North American Contact Dermatitis Group database, 1994-2004.
Patients Five hundred seventy-five patients with anogenital signs or symptoms were referred for patch testing; 347 had anogenital disease only.
Main Outcome Measure Currently relevant allergic patch test reaction in patients with anogenital signs or symptoms.
Results Sex percentages and mean age were not significantly different in patients with anogenital involvement only compared with those without anogenital involvement. In patients with anogenital involvement only, a final diagnosis of "other dermatoses" was statistically significantly more common in female patients compared with male patients (n = 347; relative risk, 1.99; 95% confidence interval, 1.37-2.91), but the diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis was not associated with sex. Specific allergens that were statistically significantly more common in patients with anogenital involvement included cinnamal (or cinnamic aldehyde), dibucaine, benzocaine, hydrocortisone-17-butyrate, and budesonide (all P < .005). Those that were statistically significantly less frequent included quaternium-15, cobalt chloride, formaldehyde, p-phenylenediamine, and thiuram mix (all P < .04). Seventy-three patients had anogenital allergic contact dermatitis, defined as anogenital involvement only, allergic contact dermatitis as the only diagnosis, and at least 1 positive reaction of current clinical relevance. In that subgroup, the most common allergen sources were cosmetics, medications, and corticosteroids.
Conclusion In patients in the North American Contact Dermatitis Group with anogenital involvement only, male and female patients were equally likely to have allergic contact dermatitis but female patients were more likely to have other dermatoses. Common allergens and sources consisted of those likely to have contact with the anogenital area.
INTRODUCTION
Anogenital dermatologic disorders may be less common than other skin conditions but often have substantial effects on quality of life.1-3 Contact dermatitis of the anogenital area may be irritant or allergic. Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) may be caused by anogenital-specific products including feminine hygiene products and contraceptive agents or by nonanogenital products that inadvertently are transferred to the anogenital area.4-6
Current clinical relevance (eg, an allergen in a source used by the patient in the anogenital area) is critical in interpreting patch test results. A positive reaction to thimerosal may indicate exposure to vaccines during childhood but have no current relevance to a patient's anogenital dermatitis if this ingredient cannot be verified in products currently being used by the patient.7-9 While several studies have listed positive reactions (which are often of past relevance) in patients with anogenital dermatoses, few studies have reported current clinical relevance and only 1 included both men and women (Table 1). The largest study, by Bauer et al,10 included 1008 patients in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland who were referred for patch testing because of anogenital signs or symptoms. Although approximately half of these patients had positive reactions, clinical relevance was not reported. The other 7 studies included fewer patients or women only and recruited subjects primarily from clinics that treated vulvar disorders.4-5,11-15 None of the previously reported studies included patients in North America.
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Table 1. Published Studies of Patch Test Results in Patients With Genital Dermatoses
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The objectives of this study were to characterize patients in North America with anogenital dermatitis referred for patch testing by the North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG), to identify common allergens in individuals with anogenital ACD, and to explore associations of ACD with sex.
METHODS
NACDG DATABASE
Between July 1, 1994, and December 31, 2004, 22 025 patients underwent patch testing using the NACDG standard series of 50 to 65 allergens, as previously described.7-9,16-17 These allergens and general data from 4 study periods have been previously reported.7-9,16-17 In the 1996-1998 database, some individuals underwent the TRUE Test (Thin-layer Rapid Use Epicutaneous Test; Allerderm Laboratories, Inc, Phoenix, Arizona) instead of or in addition to the NACDG standard allergen patch test series. For these analyses, any reaction to either an NACDG standard allergen or a TRUE Test allergen was considered a positive reaction; if the reaction was to the same antigen, however, it was counted only once. Data collected included the following: demographics (age, sex, and race/ethnicity), occupation, site of dermatitis, relevant irritants, and allergens (relevancy, source, and relationship to occupation). Relevance and source codes were linked to specific allergens, whereas site codes (up to 3 sites) and final diagnoses (up to 3 diagnoses) were linked to patients but not to specific allergens. For these analyses, patch test reactions coded as "definite" (positive repeat open application test or patch test reaction to the product containing the positive allergen), "probable" (positive allergen identified in known skin contactants in the patient), or "possible" (skin contact with materials known to contain the positive allergen) were considered currently clinically relevant. Reactions graded as having "past" or "unknown" relevance were excluded. Allergen-related source data were not collected for the 1994-1996 database but were subsequently collected as a single-digit code corresponding to defined categories until 2001, when a detailed 3-digit coding system was adopted. The presence of an "other" relevant allergen along with the source was collected, but the name of the specific other relevant allergen was not collected as part of this database. At the time of collection, all data were manually entered into a computerized database (Access 2003; Microsoft Corp, Redmond, Washington) and checked for quality assurance at a central location.
STUDY POPULATION AND SUBGROUPS
This analysis of deidentified NACDG data was approved by the Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center Subcommittee on Human Studies. Several subgroups were identified including the following: patients referred for patch testing who had anogenital involvement only (group 1), patients referred for patch testing who were without anogenital involvement (group 2), and patients with "anogenital ACD," defined as individuals with anogenital involvement only, ACD as the only diagnosis, and at least 1 positive reaction of current clinical relevance (group 3) (Figure).
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Figure. North American Allergic Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) study population, with subgroups. *Excludes 228 patients (1.05%) with involvement of the anogenital area in addition to another body site. The percentages do not total 100% because group 3 is a subgroup of group 1. ACD indicates allergic contact dermatitis.
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ANALYTICAL METHODS
Statistical analyses were performed using commercially available software (SAS version 8.2; SAS Institute Inc, Cary, North Carolina). Counts and percentages were used to describe demographic and patch test data. The  2 test was used to compare selected demographic data and the prevalence of positive patch test reactions to the most common allergens. The Fisher exact test (2-tailed) was used whenever appropriate. Statistical tests and corresponding P values were 2-sided; P < .05 was considered statistically significant. No adjustments for multiple comparisons were used in this exploratory analysis.
RESULTS
PATIENTS REFERRED FOR PATCH TESTING WITH AND WITHOUT ANOGENITAL INVOLVEMENT (GROUPS 1 AND 2)
Demographic Data
In the 22 025 patients tested, the anogenital area was involved in 1 of up to 3 sites in 575 patients (2.61%) and as the only site in 347 patients (1.58%; group 1; Figure). The mean (SD) age of the patients in group 1 was 47.2 (17.2) years (age range, 0-92 years) and was not significantly different from that of patients without anogenital involvement (group 2; P = .67). Of patients with anogenital involvement, 60.5% were female, compared with 64.7% of patients without anogenital involvement (P = .10; relative risk, 1.39; 95% confidence interval, 0.94-2.04). Individuals with anogenital involvement were 1.9 times more likely to be white compared with those without anogenital involvement (P = .001; 95% confidence interval, 1.24-2.77). Individuals without anogenital involvement were 1.4 times more likely to have atopy, defined as a personal history of eczema, asthma, or hay fever, compared with those with anogenital involvement (P = .003; 95% confidence interval, 1.12-1.79).
Final Diagnoses in Patients Having Anogenital Involvement Only (Group 1)
Allergic contact dermatitis, other dermatoses, dermatitis not otherwise specified, and irritant contact dermatitis were the most common final diagnoses in patients having anogenital involvement only (Table 2). Analysis of the 4 most frequent final diagnosis codes by sex found that there were no statistically significant associations of ACD, other types of dermatitis, or irritant contact dermatitis with sex. Female patients, however, were twice as likely as male patients to have a final diagnosis of other dermatoses (P < .001; relative risk,1.99; 95% confidence interval, 1.37-2.91).
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Table 2. Final Diagnoses in Patients Having Anogenital Involvement Only (Group 1)a
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Most Common NACDG Allergens in Patients With Anogenital Involvement Only (Group 1)
Of individuals with anogenital involvement only, 220 (63.4%) had at least 1 positive reaction of current clinical relevance. Frequency of the most common 24 allergens in patients with anogenital involvement only is given in Table 3. Allergens that were statistically significantly more frequent in patients with anogenital involvement only (group 1) compared with patients without anogenital involvement (group 2) included cinnamal (or cinnamic aldehyde), dibucaine, benzocaine, hydrocortisone-17-butyrate, and budesonide. Allergens that were statistically significantly less frequent included quaternium-15, cobalt chloride, formaldehyde, p-phenylenediamine, and thiuram mix.
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Table 3. Most Common Allergens in Patients With Anogenital Involvement Only (Group 1) Compared With Patients Without Anogenital Involvement (Group 2)
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PATIENTS WITH ANOGENITAL ACD (GROUP 3)
Only 73 patients met our definition of anogenital ACD, which required the following 3 criteria: anogenital involvement only, ACD as the only diagnosis, and at least 1 positive reaction of current clinical relevance. Thirty-four patients were male and 39 were female. Table 4 summarizes the most common ( 4 reactions) currently relevant allergens in patients with anogenital ACD (group 3). These results were similar to those in patients with anogenital involvement only (group 1; Table 3). No reactions were occupationally related.
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Table 4. Most Common Clinically Relevant Allergensa in Patients With Anogenital ACD (Group 3)
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The 3 most common sources of allergens in patients with anogenital ACD (group 3) were medications (n = 47), corticosteroids (n = 31), and other or unknown agents (n = 32). The most common sources of irritant contact dermatitis included miscellaneous health aids, cosmetics, corticosteroids, soaps and cleansers, and other or unknown agents.
COMMENT
Of 22 025 patients referred to NACDG members between 1994-2004, 347 (1.6%) were identified as having anogenital involvement only. Despite this relatively small number, 220 patients (63.4%) in this group (group 1) had at least 1 positive reaction of current clinical relevance. This analysis is the first, to our knowledge, to characterize male and female patients with anogenital involvement referred for patch testing in North America and to identify clinical relevance of positive reactions.
We hypothesized that sensitization rates could vary between male and female patients on the basis of biostructural differences.18-19 While the density of Langerhans cells during the menstrual cycle does not seem to fluctuate,20 Edwards and Morris21 reported a statistically significant difference in the number of Langerhans cells in the keratinized vs nonkeratinized areas of the vulva. The skin overlying the penis is believed to facilitate the absorption of allergens and, in turn, to facilitate the development of dermatoses and ACD,22-23 and there is some evidence that circumcision decreases the risk of inflammatory dermatoses.24
Our results showed no statistically significant difference in the percentage of male and female patients referred for patch testing who had anogenital involvement only. Final diagnosis differed only for the category of other dermatoses, which was statistically more common in female patients, likely because of women with vulvodynia, for which there is no direct male correlate (red scrotal syndrome is less common than vulvodynia). The frequency of the final diagnosis of ACD was similar in male and female patients. However, in patients with anogenital ACD (group 3), the frequency of specific allergens differed by sex. Frequency of relevant allergy to dibucaine, neomycin, propylene glycol, ethylenediamine, cinnamal, bronopol (2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol), and all corticosteroids except tixocortol pivalate was at least 3 times higher in male than in female patients. The few reactions to each allergen, however, precludes meaningful clinical interpretation.
Allergens that were statistically significantly more common in patients with anogenital involvement were those that are more likely to be found in products for use in the anogenital area. The most common allergens in patients in the most restrictive group, those with anogenital ACD (group 3), consisted of 3 fragrances, 5 preservatives, 4 medications, 2 vehicles, 5 corticosteroids, 1 metal, and 1 rubber compound.
The relevance of systemic exposure of nickel in patients with nickel sensitivity and anogenital dermatitis is controversial. Lucke et al14 documented improvement in 1 patient with nickel sensitivity and vulvar dermatitis after dietary restriction of nickel. In our study, currently relevant nickel allergy occurred much more frequently in female than in male patients (group 3, 15.4% vs 0%). Of individuals with source codes, jewelry was the relevant source in at least 1 patient.
Fragrances were common allergens in our and previous studies.4, 11-15 The sources of these allergens were broad; cosmetics and medications were the most common sources identified in our study. Products used to cleanse the anogenital area such as soaps and douches could contain fragrances including those present in fragrance mix, cinnamal, and Myroxylon pereirae (balsam of Peru).25 Balsam of Peru may be found in hemorrhoidal creams. Systemic sensitization including baboon syndrome26 is also possible. Salam and Fowler27 reported the results in 45 patients allergic to balsam of Peru or fragrance who were given a balsam-free diet; 14 (31%) had anogenital involvement.
There was a high rate of current clinically relevant reactions to preservatives in our study, similar to findings in previous studies.4-5,10-13 Preservatives were most often identified in cosmetics and medications. These products could be used directly on the anogenital area or transferred from the hands. In addition, parabens may be used in lubrications on condoms.28 Other allergens that may be found in condoms include carbamates and thiurams. There was no specific NACDG source code for condoms and contraceptive devices. Therefore, it is possible that the source of carbamate allergies in our study coded as "other" could have represented condoms or diaphragms.28-29
In our study, there was a high rate of ACD from medications including topical corticosteroids, neomycin, bacitracin, dibucaine, and benzocaine, which can be found in hemorrhoid and vaginal medications.30-31 This finding is consistent with those of previous studies.4, 10-15 Bauer et al10 also found high rates of allergic reactions (relevance not reported) to dibucaine and benzocaine but lower rates of allergic reactions to neomycin, bacitracin, and corticosteroids.
Allergy to corticosteroids was common in our study, similar to most previously reported studies.4-5,11, 14 This finding could be explained by either the frequent use of corticosteroids to treat anogenital conditions or by enhanced penetration.18-19,32-33 Feldmann and Maibach34 showed that carbon 14 hydrocortisone penetrates the scrotum at a rate 42 times higher than in the ventral forearm. Similarly, Britz et al35 showed that 7.7% of topically applied hydrocortisone cream penetrated vulvar epithelium compared with 1.3% used on forearm skin.35
This study has several limitations. First, the data were cross-sectional; therefore, causal relations cannot be determined. Second, the study sample was drawn from patients who were referred for patch testing; as such, they are representative of neither the general population nor the general dermatology population. Third, there were few patients with anogenital ACD. Our strict definition excluded patients with more than 1 diagnosis (ACD plus other dermatoses). This was necessary to confidently identify allergens related to the anogenital area. Fourth, most of the patients were white, which limits generalizations to individuals of other races/ethnicities. Fifth, while previous studies have differentiated reactions on the basis of genital and/or anal involvement, our data grouped these 2 body sites into 1 category.
In summary, although relatively few patients in this study had anogenital involvement only, distribution of sex was not significantly different from patients without anogenital involvement. Similar numbers of male and female patients had anogenital ACD; however, other dermatoses were twice as likely in female compared with male patients. For patients with anogenital ACD, sources were consistent with those likely to have contact with the anogenital region. More research is needed to further elucidate relevance, important nonstandard allergens, and detailed sources in patients with anogenital dermatoses.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Correspondence: Erin M. Warshaw, MD, MS, Dermatology Department 111K, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, One Veterans Dr, Minneapolis, MN 55417 (erin.warshaw{at}med.va.gov).
Accepted for Publication: October 12, 2007.
Author Contributions: Dr Warshaw had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Study concept and design: Warshaw, Furda, Fowler, and Zug. Acquisition of data: Warshaw, Maibach, Rietschel, Fowler, Belsito, Zug, DeLeo, Marks, Mathias, Pratt, Sasseville, Storrs, and Taylor. Analysis and interpretation of data: Warshaw, Furda, Maibach, Rietschel, Fowler, Belsito, and Zug. Drafting of the manuscript: Warshaw, Furda, Belsito, and Zug. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Warshaw, Furda, Maibach, Rietschel, Fowler, Belsito, Zug, DeLeo, Marks, Mathias, Pratt, Sasseville, Storrs, and Taylor. Statistical analysis: Warshaw. Administrative, technical, and material support: Warshaw, Belsito, Pratt, and Storrs. Study supervision: Warshaw and Fowler.
Financial Disclosure: Over the past 5 years, Dr Taylor has served as a consultant for Shire PLC, Novartis, Regent Glove, Proctor & Gamble, Convatec Division of Bristol Myers Squibb, Betco Inc, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and US Consumer Product Safety Commission; he has received honoraria from Novartis Inc, Hemal Germany, Aula Medica Spain, AMA Press, Watson Pharmaceutical, Connetics, Web MD, United Health Care, and Medicis; he owns stock in Amgen, Glaxo-Smith-Kline, Johnson & Johnson, Keithley Instruments (sold in 2006), Medco Health Solutions, Merck & Co, Renovo PLC, and Wyeth Labs. His department has received grant support form Guidant Inc, Mekos Labs, Amgen, Astellas, Bristol Myers Squibb, Genentech, Pfizer, Centocor, and Proctor & Gamble.
Disclaimer: The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the Department of Veterans Affairs.
Author Affiliations: Departments of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center (Dr Warshaw), Minneapolis; University of California at San Francisco (Dr Maibach); University of Missouri, St Louis (Dr Belsito); St Luke's Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University, New York, New York (Dr DeLeo); Pennsylvania State University, University Park (Dr Marks); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (Dr Taylor); University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (Dr Pratt); and Oregon Health Science University, Portland (Dr Storrs); University of Minnesota Medical School (Ms Furda), Minneapolis; Department of Dermatology Group Health Associates, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio (Dr Mathias); Sections of Dermatology, University of Arizona and the Southern Arizona Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Tucson (Dr Rietschel); Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Dr Zug); and Divisions of Dermatology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky (Dr Fowler); and McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (Dr Sasseville).
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