 |
|
Prevalence of Adrenal Insufficiency Following Systemic Glucocorticoid Therapy in Infants With Hemangiomas
Jefferson P. Lomenick, MD;
Kent L. Reifschneider, MD;
Anne W. Lucky, MD;
Denise Adams, MD;
Richard G. Azizkhan, MD;
Jessica G. Woo, PhD;
Philippe F. Backeljauw, MD
Arch Dermatol. 2009;145(3):262-266.
ABSTRACT
Objective To determine the prevalence of adrenal insufficiency in infants with hemangiomas following treatment with systemic glucocorticoids (GCs).
Design Prospective study for 18 months.
Setting Hemangioma and vascular malformation center at a tertiary care children's hospital.
Patients Sixteen infants with hemangiomas had an adrenal axis evaluation as soon as possible following the completion of GC therapy. Ten healthy control infants were also evaluated for comparison.
Interventions Prednisolone at a starting dose of 2 to 3 mg/kg/d for 4 weeks, followed by a tapering period. The mean duration of GC treatment was 7.2 months.
Main Outcome Measure Prevalence of adrenal insufficiency in GC-treated subjects as assessed by a combination low-dose/high-dose corticotropin stimulation test.
Results Subjects underwent corticotropin testing at a mean of 13 days after the completion of therapy. Only 1 of the 16 GC-treated infants (6%) had adrenal insufficiency. This subject was tested 1 day after GC treatment was stopped, and results from retesting 3 months later were normal. All control subjects had normal adrenal function.
Conclusion Infants with hemangiomas are at low risk of adrenal insufficiency following the completion of GC therapy, as used in our hemangioma center.
INTRODUCTION
Hemangiomas are common tumors of the vascular endothelium found in approximately 10% of infants.1-2 While sometimes present at birth, they more typically appear in the first 2 months. Most superficial hemangiomas then undergo a proliferative phase lasting 6 to 12 months. Approximately 60% of these lesions involute completely by 5 years, with 90% to 95% by 9 years.1 Because most lesions resolve spontaneously, no specific therapy is required. However, large, disfiguring, or functionally debilitating lesions require medical intervention, often with high-dose systemic glucocorticoids (GCs).3-5
A well-known adverse effect of GC therapy is hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis suppression due to decreased hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and pituitary corticotropin secretion, leading to adrenal cortex atrophy.6 However, the development of adrenal insufficiency (AI) following systemic GC treatment can be idiosyncratic and difficult to predict.7-8 Several tests are available to assess the HPA axis, including the CRH test, metyrapone test, insulin tolerance test, and corticotropin test. Many clinicians favor the corticotropin test because of its availability, low cost, safety, and reliability. If AI occurs, the rate of recovery of the HPA axis is variable and depends on the method of adrenal function testing.7-11 In addition, HPA axis recovery has been shown to correlate poorly with the dose and duration of GC treatment.7-8,10 A paucity of data exists on adrenal function in infants with hemangiomas following treatment with systemic GCs. A retrospective study12 and 1 prospective report13 suggest a high prevalence of adrenal suppression (87% and 71%, respectively) in this population using a first-morning cortisol level measurement as the diagnostic test. However, we previously reported a low prevalence of AI (10%) in a retrospective analysis of a small cohort based on low-dose corticotropin stimulation testing.14
Because of the limited information on HPA axis recovery in infants and the importance of detecting AI, we prospectively evaluated the prevalence of AI following systemic GC therapy in infants with hemangiomas using a combination low-dose/high-dose corticotropin stimulation test.
METHODS
SUBJECTS
Sixteen infants (12 female and 4 male) were recruited from the Hemangioma and Vascular Malformation Center (HVMC) at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, Ohio, during an 18-month period. All subjects were treated with systemic GC therapy. The infants were otherwise healthy and had no prior exposure to GCs or interferon alfa. The initial GC dose and titration regimen was determined by HVMC clinicians independent of study enrollment. The GC protocol included a starting dose of oral prednisolone of 2 to 3 mg/kg/d for 4 weeks, followed by an approximately 10% dose decrease biweekly. The duration of the GC tapering period was 5 to 7 months. Ten healthy control infants (6 female and 4 male) were also enrolled from the CCHMC general pediatric clinic (no history of GC use or recent illnesses and unremarkable medical history). All parents or guardians gave informed consent. Institutional review board approval was obtained before the initiation of the study.
CORTICOTROPIN STIMULATION TESTING
All subjects underwent a combination low-dose/high-dose corticotropin stimulation test at the completion of GC treatment. Because the frequency and degree of AI in this patient population was not known, our goal was to test the subjects within 1 week of the discontinuation of GC therapy. For the low-dose test, a 250-µg vial of synthetic corticotropin (Cortrosyn; Amphastar Pharmaceuticals Inc, Rancho Cucamonga, California) was reconstituted in 250-mL 0.9% sodium chloride solution, yielding a concentration of 1 µg/mL. For the high-dose test, another 250-µg vial of Cortrosyn was reconstituted with 1 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride solution, yielding a concentration of 250 µg/mL. An intravenous (IV) line was placed, and baseline cortisol level was measured. The infants were then administered the 1-µg/m2 Cortrosyn (low-dose) IV line for 1 to 2 minutes. The peak cortisol level was measured 20 minutes after the administration of Cortrosyn. Immediately after measuring the 20-minute cortisol level, infants were administered the 250-µg/m2 Cortrosyn (high-dose) IV line for 1 to 2 minutes. A third serum cortisol level measurement was collected 60 minutes later (80 minutes after baseline).
If the 20-minute peak cortisol level was 18 µg/dL or higher (to convert to nanomoles per liter, multiply by 27.588), the infant was considered to have a normal HPA axis.15-16 If the 20-minute and 80-minute peak cortisol levels were both lower than 18 µg/dL, the subject was considered to have AI without evidence of HPA axis recovery. If the 20-minute peak cortisol level was lower than 18 µg/dL but the 80-minute peak cortisol level was 18 µg/dL or higher, the infant was considered to have AI with partial HPA axis recovery.16 If the subject was found to have AI, families were instructed on "stress-dosing" with GCs during illness, and corticotropin testing was repeated every 3 months until a normal result was found.
CORTISOL ASSAY
Serum cortisol level was measured by radioimmunoassay using a double-antibody technique (MP Biomedicals, Solon, Ohio). The intraassay and interassay coefficients of variation were less than 5% and less than 10%, respectively. The sensitivity was 0.1 µg/dL.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The primary outcome variable was the percentage of infants treated with systemic GCs who developed AI. Baseline characteristics of the 2 groups were compared using unpaired t tests for continuous variables or Fisher exact tests for categorical variables. Correlations between end points were based on Spearman correlation coefficients. Differences in variability of cortisol level measurements between the groups at each time point tested were compared using the F statistic. Results are expressed as mean (SD), with P  .05 considered significant.
RESULTS
Clinical characteristics of the 2 groups are summarized in the Table. At the time of the corticotropin stimulation test, the control subjects were significantly older than the GC-treated infants (P < .001), but there were no other differences between the groups.
|
|
|
|
Table. Characteristics of Subjects at Baselinea
|
|
|
Of the 16 GC-treated infants with hemangiomas, 14 completed both the low-dose and high-dose phases of the test, with the other 2 subjects completing only the low-dose phase owing to lost IV access. The cortisol response is given in the Table and shown in Figure, A. Only 1 of the 16 GC-treated infants (6%) was found to have AI. This subject was a full-term infant who was tested 1 day after completing 6.6 months of GC therapy and had abnormal results for both phases of the corticotropin test. When retested 3 months later, this infant had a normal cortisol response (8.0 µg/dL at baseline, 33.6 µg/dL at 20 minutes, and 39.8 µg/dL at 80 minutes). All other subjects tested had a peak cortisol level of 18 µg/dL or higher at both 20 and 80 minutes, indicating a normal HPA axis. There was no correlation between either the 20-minute (r = 0.46; P = .08) or 80-minute (r = 0.41; P = .14) cortisol level and the duration of GC treatment. In addition, neither the 20-minute nor 80-minute cortisol values correlated with the subjects' age at the start of therapy (P = .70 and .18, respectively), age at the time of corticotropin testing (both P = .30 and .43, respectively), or time since the last GC treatment (P = .84 and .13, respectively).
|
|
|
|
Figure. Cortisol response to corticotropin stimulation testing in infants with hemangiomas following glucocorticoid treatment (A) and control infants (B). A normal cortisol response is 18 µg/dL or higher (to convert to nanomoles per liter, multiply by 27.588).
|
|
|
All 10 control infants completed both phases of the ACTH stimulation test. The cortisol response is given in the Table and shown in Figure, B. As expected, none of the control infants had AI. Similar to the GC-treated infants, 20-minute and 80-minute cortisol concentrations were unrelated to the subjects' age at the time of the corticotropin test (P = .35 and .30, respectively).
Variability of baseline cortisol levels was higher among controls than among the GC-treated infants (F9,15 = 2.62; P = .05), but this difference disappeared when the control infant with the highest baseline value was removed (F15,8 = 1.37; P = .34). At 20 minutes, GC-treated infants exhibited significantly greater variability in cortisol levels than the controls (F15,9 = 6.39; P = .004), even when excluding the infant with AI (F14,9 = 3.49; P = .03). At 80 minutes, the variability in cortisol levels did not differ between the groups (F13,9 = 1.16; P = .42), even after removing the infant with AI (F9,12 = 1.67; P = .20).
COMMENT
Our prospective study evaluated otherwise healthy infants with hemangiomas for the development of AI following long-term GC therapy. Using the corticotropin stimulation test, we found that only 1 of 16 infants (6%) treated with GCs had AI following the completion of therapy. These data are consistent with our previous retrospective analysis, which found a similar low prevalence of AI (10%).14 The 1 infant found to have AI had no specific clinical features to suggest AI, such as a higher dose or longer duration of GC therapy, an unusually large hemangioma, or a more pronounced effect of GC therapy on growth. In our previous study, the only infant with AI had been treated with dexamethasone for a similar duration as the subjects in this study, but there were no clinical characteristics to suggest AI. It is possible that the longer half-life of dexamethasone (36-54 hours compared with 16-36 hours for prednisolone17) contributed to the slower recovery of the HPA axis in that subject.
Our finding that AI is rare following GC treatment in infants with hemangiomas is in contrast to 2 reports12-13 that suggest a relatively frequent occurrence of AI in this patient population. George et al12 retrospectively evaluated the adverse effects of systemic GC treatment in 22 infants with hemangiomas. First-morning serum cortisol concentrations were measured in 15 subjects after they had been administered a tapered physiologic dose of GC, and 13 of them (87%) had a value less than 18 µg/dL. However, the specificity of a single morning cortisol level measurement to diagnose AI is poor,18 and the patients were still receiving treatment. Only 3 of the infants in the report by George et al12 underwent a low-dose corticotropin test, and 2 of these infants had a peak cortisol level lower than 18 µg/dL; however, 1 of these 2 subjects was still receiving GC therapy at the time of the test. A more recent study prospectively compared the effects of oral and IV GC treatment on clinical outcomes and adverse events in infants with hemangiomas.13 In 52 of 73 samples (71%), first-morning serum cortisol levels were lower than 18 µg/dL in the 2 groups, including 13 undetectable values "suggestive of significant AI."13 Again, the poor specificity of a morning serum cortisol level measurement to diagnose AI should be noted. In addition, cortisol levels were measured at the start of GC treatment and monthly thereafter for 3 months; thus, many of these samples were taken during the peak of GC therapy when one would expect HPA axis suppression.
We used a low-dose (1-µg/m2) corticotropin stimulation test to assess for AI in our study. Several groups have shown that the low-dose corticotropin test has better sensitivity for the diagnosis of AI than the high-dose (250 µg/m2) test in both adults19-21 and children.15, 22 Furthermore, a normal cortisol response to the high-dose test but a subnormal response to the low-dose test can indicate initial recovery of endogenous corticotropin secretion.16 Thus, we chose to do both tests in succession to evaluate the recovery of the HPA axis following long-term treatment with systemic GCs. Of the 16 infants, 15 (94%) had normal adrenal function, with peak cortisol levels of 18 µg/dL or higher for both tests, and 1 of 16 subjects (6%) had AI without evidence of initial recovery of corticotropin secretion (peak cortisol level <18 µg/dL for both tests). No subjects were found to have AI with partial recovery of the HPA axis (peak cortisol level <18 µg/dL for the low-dose test but  18 µg/dL for the high-dose test), even though the infants were tested soon (mean, 13 days) after the completion of GC therapy. It appears that most infants treated with our specific GC protocol begin to have endogenous corticotropin secretion sometime during the GC-tapering period, with complete recovery of the HPA axis toward the end of the tapering period or immediately thereafter. However, the variability observed in the 20-minute cortisol levels in the GC-treated infants compared with the controls possibly indicates that adrenal gland recovery is still occurring, even though the response to the low-dose corticotropin test is considered normal.
Our study has some limitations. A relatively small number of infants with hemangiomas were studied to determine the prevalence of AI, so our estimate may be subject to sampling error. However, the finding of a similar low rate of AI in our previous retrospective study14 using the same method of testing is reassuring. Second, although a standard approach to GC therapy was attempted, variability in efficacy was observed, as evidenced by the duration of therapy, which ranged from 5.2 to 12.3 months. While some of this variability may be due to the inherent responsiveness of the hemangioma to GC treatment, poor medication compliance may have contributed as well, which could affect the rate of AI. Another limitation was the duration of time between discontinuation of GC therapy and the corticotropin test: 13 of the subjects were tested 1 to 16 days after completing treatment, but 3 subjects had their test 26 to 40 days later. While we attempted to test all subjects within 7 days, many families lived more than 100 miles from our center and could not comply. Thus, some of the subjects with a normal test result may have had AI had the test been done within 7 days. Finally, the use of 18 µg/dL as a cutoff to define normal adrenal function in response to the low-dose corticotropin test is derived from studies of older children15, 22 and adults.19-21 Though we found no difference between the cortisol responses of the infants treated with GCs and the controls, the control subjects were slightly older at the time of their test. However, we found no association between the subjects' age and cortisol response in either GC-treated infants or controls. In addition, a recent study found the low-dose corticotropin test to be useful in term infants younger than 12 months in demonstrating normal adrenal function.23
In conclusion, our study shows that infants with hemangiomas treated with systemic GCs have a low risk of AI at the completion of therapy. The 1 infant found to have AI had no clinical indicator of this condition but recovered completely within 3 months. In the case of significant body stress, such as a febrile illness or surgery, stress dosing with GCs seems prudent in infants with hemangiomas during the latter stages of the GC tapering period through the first 3 months after GC therapy is discontinued. If stress dosing is needed, we suggest administering hydrocortisone, 30 to 50 mg/m2/d, divided into 3 doses (or equivalent dose of prednisolone) orally or intramuscularly if the infant is vomiting. If needed, a low-dose corticotropin stimulation test can be used to evaluate the HPA axis and determine if AI is present.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Correspondence: Jefferson P. Lomenick, MD, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 11136 Doctors' Office Tower, 2200 Children's Way, Nashville, TN 37232-9170 (jefferson.lomenick{at}vanderbilt.edu).
Accepted for Publication: July 22, 2008.
Author Contributions: Drs Lomenick, Reifschneider, Woo, and Backeljauw had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Study concept and design: Lomenick, Lucky, and Backeljauw. Acquisition of data: Lomenick, Reifschneider, Lucky, Adams, Azizkhan, and Backeljauw. Analysis and interpretation of data: Lomenick, Reifschneider, Woo, and Backeljauw. Drafting of the manuscript: Lomenick, Reifschneider, Woo, and Backeljauw. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Reifschneider, Lucky, Adams, Azizkhan, and Backeljauw. Statistical analysis: Woo. Obtained funding: Lomenick and Backeljauw. Administrative, technical, and material support: Lomenick, Reifschneider, Woo, and Backeljauw. Study supervision: Lucky and Backeljauw.
Financial Disclosure: Dr Lomenick is a consultant for and has received honoraria from Pfizer and Lilly. Dr Backeljauw is a consultant for and has received honoraria from Pfizer.
Funding/Support: This study was supported by a grant from Pfizer Inc.
Role of the Sponsor: The sponsor had no role in the design and conduct of the study; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data; or in the preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript.
Additional Contributions: Peggy Sweeney, RN, assisted in the recruitment of control subjects.
Author Affiliations: Division of Endocrinology (Drs Lomenick, Reifschneider, and Backeljauw), Hemangioma and Vascular Malformation Center (Drs Lucky, Adams, and Azizkhan), and Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Dr Woo), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
REFERENCES
1. Darmstadt GL, Sidbury R. Vascular disorders. In: Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB, eds. Nelson textbook of pediatrics. 17th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2004:2167-2172.
2. Frieden IJ, Eichenfield LF, Esterly NB, Geronemus R, Mallory SB, American Academy of Dermatology Guidelines/Outcomes Committee. Guidelines of care for hemangiomas of infancy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;37(4):631-637.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
3. Bennett ML, Fleischer AB Jr, Chamlin SL, Frieden IJ. Oral corticosteroid use is effective for cutaneous hemangiomas: an evidence-based evaluation. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137(9):1208-1213.
FREE FULL TEXT
4. Williams EF III, Stanislaw P, Dupree M, Mourtzikos K, Mihm M, Shannon L. Hemangiomas in infants and children: an algorithm for intervention. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2000;2(2):103-111.
FREE FULL TEXT
5. Akyüz C, Yaris N, Kutluk MT, Buyukpamukcu M. Management of cutaneous hemangiomas: a retrospective analysis of 1109 cases and comparison of conventional dose prednisolone with high-dose methylprednisolone therapy. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2001;18(1):47-55.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
6. Orth DN, Kovacs WJ. The adrenal cortex. In: Wilson JD, Foster DW, Kronenberg HM, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1998:517-664.7. Henzen C, Suter A, Lerch E, Urbinelli R, Schorno XH, Briner VA. Suppression and recovery of adrenal response after short-term, high-dose glucocorticoid treatment. Lancet. 2000;355(9203):542-545.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
8. Schlaghecke R, Kornely E, Santen RT, Ridderskamp P. The effect of long-term glucocorticoid therapy on pituitary-adrenal responses to exogenous corticotropin-releasing hormone. N Engl J Med. 1992;326(4):226-230.
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
9. Graber AL, Ney RL, Nicholson WE, Island DP, Liddle GW. Natural history of pituitary-adrenal recovery following long-term suppression with corticosteroids. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1965;25:11-16.
FREE FULL TEXT
10. Wilson KS, Parker AC. Adrenal suppression after short-term corticosteroid therapy [letter]. Lancet. 1979;1(8124):1030.
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
11. Livanou T, Ferriman D, James VH. Recovery of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal function after corticosteroid therapy. Lancet. 1967;2(7521):856-859.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
12. George ME, Sharma V, Jacobson J, Simon S, Nopper AJ. Adverse effects of systemic glucocorticosteroid therapy in infants with hemangiomas. Arch Dermatol. 2004;140(8):963-969.
FREE FULL TEXT
13. Pope E, Krafchik BR, Macarthur C; et al. Oral versus high-dose pulse corticosteroids for problematic infantile hemangiomas: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2007;119(6):e1239-e1247.
FREE FULL TEXT
14. Lomenick JP, Backeljauw PF, Lucky AW. Growth, bone mineral accretion, and adrenal function in glucocorticoid-treated infants with hemangiomas–a retrospective study. Pediatr Dermatol. 2006;23(2):169-174.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
15. Rose SR, Lustig RH, Burstein S, Pitukcheewanont P, Broome DC, Burghen GA. Diagnosis of ACTH deficiency: comparison of overnight metyrapone test to either low-dose or high-dose ACTH test. Horm Res. 1999;52(2):73-79.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
16. Dickstein G, Arad E, Shechner C. Low-dose ACTH stimulation test. Endocrinologist. 1997;7:285-293.
WEB OF SCIENCE
17. Miller WL. The adrenal cortex. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2002:385-438.18. Agwu JC, Spoudeas H, Hindmarsh PC, Pringle PJ, Brook CG. Tests of adrenal insufficiency. Arch Dis Child. 1999;80(4):330-333.
FREE FULL TEXT
19. Tordjman K, Jaffe A, Grazas N, Apter C, Stern N. The role of the low dose (1 microgram) adrenocorticotropin test in the evaluation of patients with pituitary diseases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995;80(4):1301-1305.
ABSTRACT
20. Broide J, Soferman R, Kivity S; et al. Low-dose adrenocorticotropin test reveals impaired adrenal function in patients taking inhaled corticosteroids. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995;80(4):1243-1246.
ABSTRACT
21. Rasmuson S, Olsson T, Hagg E. A low dose ACTH test to assess the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1996;44(2):151-156.
FULL TEXT
| PUBMED
22. Gonc EN, Kandemir N, Kinik ST. Significance of low-dose and standard-dose ACTH tests compared to overnight metyrapone test in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency in childhood. Horm Res. 2003;60(4):191-197.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
23. Lomenick JP, Smith WJ. Low-dose adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation testing in term infants. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2007;20(7):773-779.
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
 CiteULike  Connotea  Delicious  Digg  Facebook  Reddit  Technorati  Twitter
What's this?
RELATED ARTICLES
This Month in Archives of Dermatology
Arch Dermatol. 2009;145(3):239.
FULL TEXT
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Suppression in Systemic Glucocorticoid-Treated Infantile Hemangiomas: Putting the Risk Into Context
Robert Sidbury
Arch Dermatol. 2009;145(3):319-320.
EXTRACT
| FULL TEXT
THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES
Adrenal Insufficiency After Systemic Steroid Therapy for Hemangiomas
Journal Watch Dermatology 2009;2009:1-1.
FULL TEXT
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Suppression in Systemic Glucocorticoid-Treated Infantile Hemangiomas: Putting the Risk Into Context
Sidbury
Arch Dermatol 2009;145:319-320.
FULL TEXT
|
